Application of different enzyme assays and biomarkers for pollution monitoring of the marine environment

Abstract

New phosphatase and DNase inhibition tests for assessing the total pollution of a natural marine ecosystem were applied. The seawater samples with different pollution degrees were collected in the Troitsa Bay of the Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan). The sensitivity of the alkaline phosphatase test to integrated pollution was in accordance with the sensitivity of the standard sea urchin sperm cell toxicity test. The increased seawater pollution level was shown to result in an up to fourfold increase in specific activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases from the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus. It was demonstrated that a complex methodological approach can be used to assess marine water areas, as well as to assess the biological conditions of invertebrates adapting to different environmental and anthropogenic effects.

Humoral responses during wound healing in Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788)

“…It is known that the sea cucumber's immune response is non-specific (innate) (Wang et al, 2015); there is also awareness that (after phagocytic processes) these enzymes are the body's first line of internal defence and may help in the complete degradation of exogenous substances. Our findings therefore confirm that significant increases in enzymatic activity are induced by wound-stress conditions (Seitkalieva et al, 2016).…”

Underwater high frequency noise: Biological responses in sea urchin Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758)

“…The hydrolase alkaline phosphatase (AKP) was used to evaluate the state of health of the sea cucumber (Wang et al, 2008a(Wang et al, , 2008bMazorra et al, 2002;Jing et al, 2006) and increased AKP activity was reported in sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius gametes following exposure to environmental pollutants. This suggests a correlation between phosphatase concentration and environmental stress (Seitkalieva et al, 2016). In addition to hydrolase activities, cells have various mechanisms to reduce and repair damage; antioxidant enzymes are an example of this: the first line of defence against free radicals (Chainy et al, 2016).…”

A Novel, Highly Potent NADPH-Dependent Cytochrome P450 Reductase from Waste Liza klunzingeri Liver

“…Micro-organisms and enzymes from contaminated marine environments may be of particular interest, as they can function in a wide range of pH and temperature values, in the presence of metal ions, and even at high concentrations of organic solvents [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”