Application of directional freezing for seawater desalination: Parametric analysis using experimental and computational methods

Kadi, Khadije El; Adeyemi, Idowu; Janajreh, Isam

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115339

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Therefore, the concentration of atrazine at the ice-water interface is higher [ 39 ]. Driven by the concentration gradient, vertical convection is generated in the water beneath the ice [ 40 ]. In straightforward terms, atrazine is repelled by the ice and migrates toward the bottom (i.e., the lower concentration region) during the crystallization of water molecules [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Zhao

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world, is of concern because of its frequent occurrence in various water bodies and the potential threat it constitutes to ecosystems. The transport of contaminants in seasonally ice-covered lakes is an important factor affecting the under-ice water environment, and changes in phase during ice growth and melting cause redistribution of atrazine between ice and water phases. To explore the migration pattern of atrazine during freezing and thawing, laboratory simulation experiments involving freezing and thawing were carried out. The effects of ice thickness, freezing temperature, and initial concentration on the migration ability of atrazine during freezing were investigated. The results showed that the relationship between the concentration of atrazine in ice and water during freezing was ice layer < water before freezing < water layer under the ice. Atrazine tended to migrate to under-ice water during the freezing process, and the intensity of migration was positively correlated with the ice thickness, freezing temperature, and initial concentration. During the thawing phase, atrazine trapped in the ice was released into the water in large quantities in the early stages. The first 20% of meltwater concentration was significantly higher than the average concentration in ice, with the highest case being 2.75 times the average concentration in ice. The results reported in this study are a useful reference for planning possible pollution control measures on such lakes during their freeze-thaw process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Zhao

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…The latent heat of solidi cation of water is 334 kJ/kg [1] which is almost one seventh of the latent heat of vaporization of water, 2260 kJ/kg [2]. From the perspective of energy usage, the freeze techniques potentially use much less energy than distillation [3,4]. Since the temperature during freeze desalination is low, it is much more resistant to corrosion and scaling compared to most other thermal techniques [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The crystallization or freeze portion of the freeze desalination is obtained either through direct contact of the solute with the refrigerant or indirect contact [14]. The indirect contact methods are mainly comprised of suspension freeze [6], progressive lm [4,[15][16][17][18], and falling lm [19]. In suspension freeze, the ice crystals are grown and separated from the coolant walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Progressive layer freeze from top to bottom may use the natural convection mechanism since the solute with high salt content is heavier than the ice and also the solute with lower salt content. Therefore, without any forced convectional mechanisms, an ice crystal which grows from top towards bottom is expected to have a better quality [4] than the ice which grows from bottom to top.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the desalination e ciency is de ned as the ratio of the salt concentration of the ice to the incoming solute. Other terms such as desalination rate [21][22], removal e ciency [4], and salt removal e ciency [11,23] are also used on behalf of the desalination e ciency. Most of the articles in freeze desalination are correctly focused on improving the desalination e ciency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery rate is as critical as desalination efficiency in freeze desalination

Hendijanifard

2022

Preprint

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Freeze desalination is an emerging technique since it uses much less energy than most other thermal technologies. As a portion of zero liquid discharge technologies, crystallization is being commercially used, however, it is probably the most expensive section of the desalination plant. Several freeze desalination techniques are being developed including progressive layer, falling film, suspension freeze, and gas hydrate desalination. The emphasis of most of these methods are to improve the desalination efficiency. In order to develop a full freeze desalination plant, it is shown that the recovery rate is as critical as the desalination efficiency. In our study, we designed a full freeze desalination plant with the recovery rate of 50% and the desalination efficiency of 50%. For a proper salt rejection from 73% of the incoming sea water, the plant requires 39 stages of desalination. The plant is then redesigned with the recovery rate of 90% and the desalination efficiency of 90%. It is shown that in only 4 stages of desalination, 85% of the whole seawater can be desalinated which is a cost reduction of at least one tenth.

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Productivity Prediction for the Progressive Freeze Desalination Process Using Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling

Najim

2024

Chem Eng & Technol

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Predicting the productivity of the freeze desalination process is of key importance. This paper describes an analytical method to predict the productivity for the progressive freeze desalination process utilizing the rectangular channel crystallizer design. The mass of ice produced during the process is considered a measure of productivity. The model was developed using heat and mass transfer modeling. The effect of coolant temperature (from −8 to −16 °C), liquid flow rate (4400–6000 mL min−1), and initial salt concentration of the liquid (1.5–7 wt%) on the mass of ice produced was investigated. The analytical results of the mass of ice produced were compared with the experimental data. A plausible match was found between the analytical and experimental results, with an error range between 6 % and 9 %. The model can predict the mass of ice produced for given values of the initial salt concentration of the liquid, initial mass of the liquid, salt concentration of thawed ice, liquid flow rate, and coolant temperature.

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Application of directional freezing for seawater desalination: Parametric analysis using experimental and computational methods

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Recovery rate is as critical as desalination efficiency in freeze desalination

Productivity Prediction for the Progressive Freeze Desalination Process Using Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling

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