Application of distance protection in mixed overhead‐underground distribution feeders with distributed generation

Detection and Location of Earth Fault in MV Feeders Using Screen Earthing Current Measurements

“…Due the specific operation-identification of the segment affected by Utilization of distance relays in MV networks is connected with many problems i.e., difficulties with a determination of k parameter Equation (1) required for proper calculation of impedance under phase to ground fault [17,18]. Effectiveness of distance relays is affected by load before fault occurrence, fault resistance, presence of additional power sources and others [19]. Due to many parameters affecting impedance measurement, there is uncertainty range of impedance measurement and distance to fault is only approximation.…”

A Coordinated Multi-Element Current Differential Protection Scheme for Active Distribution Systems

“…The laterals of the overhead line part, as well as the distribution transformers spread along the network, are protected by a fuse installed at their departure and their primary side, respectively. Further technical details of this system can be found in [34].…”

Protection philosophy in low short‐circuit capacity distribution grids with high penetration of converter‐interfaced distributed renewable energy sources

“…The use of FCL is also proposed to be used in DRES operating within microgrids, in order to enhance their FRT capability, by limiting the peak current [12, 13]. FCLs present several drawbacks like the increased switching losses, long recovery times and increased cost for the DRES owner or the utility. Distance protection: This is the traditional system protection scheme used in transmission systems, which are from the beginning meshed and active and, therefore, bidirectional power flows are usual [14]. The main underlying idea is to define different protection zones considering the relative position of the DRES units.…”