“…Little information exists in the literature that focuses on "empowerment" as a key word describing how nurses can empower clients (Zerwekh, 1992). Much of the information about empowerment focuses on the lack of professional empowerment among nurses, mainly attributed to the lack of common goals, the lack of common vision, and the lack of democratic organizational structure (Carlson-Catalano, 1993;Chandler, 1992;Clifford, 1993;Madden Styles, 1994;Schmieding, 1993;Swanson, 1992;Tenney, 1993;Wilmot, 1993;Wilson, 1994).…”