Application of emulsion of dense carbon dioxide in electroplating solution with nonionic surfactants for nickel electroplating

Decontamination of Radioactive Contaminants Using Liquid and Supercritical CO2

“…Sone [42][43][44] found that electroplating using nickel could be performed in a macroemulsion of supercritical CO 2 with nonionic or anionic surfactants. Generally, conventional wet plating methods produce lots of liquid toxic waste, which need expensive waste treatment systems.…”

Design of experiments for statistical modeling and multi-response optimization of nickel electroplating process

“…In the last decades, many scientific and technical studies have been carried out to account for the effects of factors on electroplating performance and to address the enhancement of nickel electroplating process (Abd El Wahaab et al, 1986;Dolgikh et al, 2009;Njau et al, 1998;Tsuru et al, 2002;Hoffmann et al, 2008;Gupta et al, 2002;Yoshida et al, 2003Yoshida et al, , 2004Abdel-Hamid, 1998;Wang et al, 2008;Shpanko et al, 2004;Badarulzaman et al, 2009;Balakai et al, 2009;Sotskaya and Dolgikh, 2008;Mohanty et al, 2001;Ciszewski et al, 2004;Oliveira et al, 2006;Orinakova et al, 2006). However, it is worth to mention that most of such investigations dealt with conventional methodology of experimentation in which one factor is varied while others are fixed at constant levels.…”

Metallization on polymer by catalyzation in supercritical CO2 and electroless plating in dense CO2 emulsion

“…One important obstacle is the formation of pinholes and voids by hydrogen bubbles generated by the sub-reaction of electroless plating or the electrolysis reaction of water. A second problem is the formation of nodules due to growing crystals [18,19]. Lastly, the adhesion between the polymer substrate and metal thin film must be considerably strengthened.…”

“…It has low viscosity, non-polarity, an absence of interface tension, and high diffusivity. These unique properties to tune solvation power continuously with pressure and temperature may enable supercritical CO 2 deposition to attain high uniformity and to reach small areas [18,19,[26][27][28][29][30].…”