Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture

Abstract

Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-food industry is based on their efficiency, safety, and protection of the environment, which aligns with the requirements of a resource-saving production system. Enzyme supplementation in fish feed can improve digestibility and absorption of both plant- and animal-derived ingredients, increasing the growth parameters of aquacultural animals. Herein we summarized the recent literature that reported the use of digestive enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and non-digestive enzymes (phytases, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) in fish feed. In addition, we analyzed how critical steps of the pelleting process, including microencapsulation and immobilization, can interfere with enzyme activity in the final fish feed product.

Komagataella phaffii as a Platform for Heterologous Expression of Enzymes Used for Industry

“…Currently, there is no doubt about the need for the use of enzyme preparations, including phytase, amylase, cellulase, xylanase, mannanase, protease, and others, to improve feed digestibility and increase its nutritional value [ 178 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 320 , 321 ], especially for birds and animals with a single-chambered stomach [ 179 , 180 , 181 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 237 , 238 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 320 , 321 ].…”

“…According to a Global Animal Feed Enzymes Market Report, the global volume of feed enzymes reached USD 1340.6 million in 2021 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.0% during the 2022–2028 period (cited by [ 178 ]). These statistics indicate that enzymes are becoming an important ingredient in feed manufacture.…”

“…α-Amylase is widely employed in various industrial applications [ 212 , 213 ], including feed manufacture [ 178 ]. Currently, thermostable α-amylases—which are important for technological processes involving high temperatures, including the production of animal feed—are in demand.…”

“…Cellulases, together with hemicellulases, constitute almost 20% of the global market of industrial enzymes and have been used for several decades in various sectors of the economy, including food, feed, brewing, textile, detergent, pharmaceutical, pulp/paper, and other industries (see reviews: [ 178 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 ].…”

Integration of Plant-Based Proteins into Aquaculture Diets for Sustainable Fish Growth and Wellness

“…There are two types of enzymes; digestive and non-digestive enzymes. Digestive enzymes include (amylase, protease, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lipase) while nondigestive enzymes include (glucose oxidase, lysozyme, and phytases) in fish feed (Liang et al, 2022). For instance, weight gain increased by over 90% in salmon-fed diets containing low levels (1 mg/kg) of 17-methyltestosterone.…”