Application of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters for the Taxonomic Analysis of the Genus Xanthomonas
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A comprehensive DNA-DNA hybridization study was performed by using 183 strains of the genus Xanthomonus. This genus was shown to comprise 20 DNA homology groups which are considered genomic species. Four groups corresponded to the previously described species Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas fiagariae, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xanthomonas populi. The previously described species Xanthomonas campestris was heterogeneous and was divided into 16 DNA homology groups. One of these groups exhibited a high level of DNA homology with Xanthomonas axonopodis. The 62 pathovars represented in this study were. allocated to appropriate species. Our results, together with previous taxonomic data, supported a comprehensive revision of the classification of the genus Xanthomonas. The species X. albilineans, X. jiagarke, X. oryme, and X. populi are not affected. The type species of the genus,X. campestris (Pammell895) Dowson 1939, is emended to include only the pathovars obtained from crucifers (i.e., X. campestris pv. aberrans, X. campestris pv. armoraciae, X. campestris pv. barbareae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. incanae, and X. campestris pv. raphani). vesicatoria. Differentiating characteristics were determined for the new species on the basis of metabolic activity on a range of carbon substrates by using the Biolog GN microplate system. X. axonopodisIn the past, the taxonomy of bacteria has been dominated by a phenetic approach, and many classification systems have been and still are based on what were thought to be important phenotypic properties. The taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas has followed this tendency in that a single phenotypic feature, host specificity, has determined the classification of the genus. Since the first report of a xanthomonad (55) until 1974, it was common practice to define a plant-pathogenic xanthomonad isolated from a new host plant as a new Xanthomonas species. The unreasonable number of nomenspecies resulting from this practice was drastically reduced by Dye and Lelliott (19), who justified their reclassification by referring to the impossibility of differentiating nomenspecies by any feature other than host specificity (10,17). Later, names of former nomenspecies were preserved in a special-purpose classification (18) as Xanthomonas campestris pathovar names.The original classification of the genus Xanthomonas, in which all of the phytopathological variants of X campestris were recognized as separate species, was not sound taxonomically. With the exception of the ambiguous feature of host specificity, few biochemical and phenotypic characteristics were used to differentiate the species. In the last few years, * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.workers have provided evidence that the current classification, in whichX. campestris contains more than 140 pathovars, is not a reflection of genomic relationships. The first DNA hybridization experiments performed with Xanthomonas...
A comprehensive DNA-DNA hybridization study was performed by using 183 strains of the genus Xanthomonus. This genus was shown to comprise 20 DNA homology groups which are considered genomic species. Four groups corresponded to the previously described species Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas fiagariae, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xanthomonas populi. The previously described species Xanthomonas campestris was heterogeneous and was divided into 16 DNA homology groups. One of these groups exhibited a high level of DNA homology with Xanthomonas axonopodis. The 62 pathovars represented in this study were. allocated to appropriate species. Our results, together with previous taxonomic data, supported a comprehensive revision of the classification of the genus Xanthomonas. The species X. albilineans, X. jiagarke, X. oryme, and X. populi are not affected. The type species of the genus,X. campestris (Pammell895) Dowson 1939, is emended to include only the pathovars obtained from crucifers (i.e., X. campestris pv. aberrans, X. campestris pv. armoraciae, X. campestris pv. barbareae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. incanae, and X. campestris pv. raphani). vesicatoria. Differentiating characteristics were determined for the new species on the basis of metabolic activity on a range of carbon substrates by using the Biolog GN microplate system. X. axonopodisIn the past, the taxonomy of bacteria has been dominated by a phenetic approach, and many classification systems have been and still are based on what were thought to be important phenotypic properties. The taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas has followed this tendency in that a single phenotypic feature, host specificity, has determined the classification of the genus. Since the first report of a xanthomonad (55) until 1974, it was common practice to define a plant-pathogenic xanthomonad isolated from a new host plant as a new Xanthomonas species. The unreasonable number of nomenspecies resulting from this practice was drastically reduced by Dye and Lelliott (19), who justified their reclassification by referring to the impossibility of differentiating nomenspecies by any feature other than host specificity (10,17). Later, names of former nomenspecies were preserved in a special-purpose classification (18) as Xanthomonas campestris pathovar names.The original classification of the genus Xanthomonas, in which all of the phytopathological variants of X campestris were recognized as separate species, was not sound taxonomically. With the exception of the ambiguous feature of host specificity, few biochemical and phenotypic characteristics were used to differentiate the species. In the last few years, * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.workers have provided evidence that the current classification, in whichX. campestris contains more than 140 pathovars, is not a reflection of genomic relationships. The first DNA hybridization experiments performed with Xanthomonas...
Ste.no.tro.pho.mo' nas . Gr. adj. stenus narrow; Gr. n. trophus one who feeds; Gr. n. monas a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n. Stenotrophomonas a unit feeding on few substrates. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Stenotrophomonas Straight or curved rods but not helical, 0.5 × 1.5 µm, occur singly or in pairs. Do not accumulate poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules as intracellular reserve material. No resting stages are known. Gram negative. Motile by two or more polar flagella. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as electron acceptor. Nitrate is reduced but it is not used as a nitrogen source for growth . The colonies are yellow, greenish, or gray. The yellow color is not due to carotenoids or xanthomonadins. The colonies may turn a dark brown color with age. The major polyamines are spermidine and cadaverine . Aside from fatty acids in common with Xanthomonas species, one of the species ( S . maltophilia ) is characterized by the presence of C 17 : 0 cyclopropane fatty acid and ubiquinone Q8. No growth occurs at 4 or 41°C; the optimum growth temperature is ~35°C. Oxidase negative . Gelatinase and catalase positive. Strong lipolytic activity, as judged by the hydrolysis of Tween 80. Chemoorganotrophic . One of the species ( S . maltophilia ) is widely distributed in nature and is commonly isolated from clinical materials and nosocomial infections. The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 66.9 ± 0.8. Type species : Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) Palleroni and Bradbury 1993, 608 ( Pseudomonas maltophilia Hugh 1981, 195; Xanthomonas maltophilia Swings, De Vos, Van Den Mooter and De Ley 1983, 412.)
Xan.tho' mo.nas or Xan.tho.mo' nas . * Gr. adj. xanthus yellow; Gr. fem. n. monas unit, monad; M.L. fem. n. Xanthomonas yellow monad. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Xanthomonas Straight rods, 0.4–0.6 × 0.8–2.0 μm , mostly single or in pairs, occasionally short chains, filaments rarely seen. Gram negative. Do not produce poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate inclusions, nor have sheaths, prosthecae, or resting stages. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. No denitrification or nitrate reduction occurs. Colonies are usually yellow , smooth and butyrous, mucoid or viscid. The pigments are highly characteristic brominated aryl polyenes or “xanthomonadins”. A characteristic extracellular acidic heteropolysaccharide called xanthan is produced by most strains giving the viscous consistency. Growth is inhibited by 6% NaCl, 30% glucose, 0.01% lead acetate, methyl green, or thionin, and by 0.1% (and usually by 0.02%) triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Catalase positive; oxidase negative or weak ; urease not produced. H 2 S is usually produced, but not indole or acetoin. Acid is not produced in litmus milk or purple milk. Chemoorganotrophic; able to use various carbohydrates and salts of organic acids as sole carbon sources. Small amounts of acid are produced from many carbohydrates, but not from l‐rhamnose, adonitol, sorbose, d‐sorbitol, meso ‐inositol, or meso ‐erythritol. Metabolic activity is shown in Biolog GN microplate tests with d‐fructose, d‐glucose, d‐mannose and methylpyruvate, but not with α‐cyclodextrin, adonitol, D ‐arabitol, meso ‐erythritol, meso ‐inositol, xylitol, D ‐glucosaminate, γ‐hydroxybutyrate, itaconate, sebacate, L ‐ornithine, L ‐pyroglutamate, D ‐serine, D , L ‐carnitine, γ‐aminobutyrate, phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2‐aminoethanol, or 2,3‐butanediol. L ‐asparagine, L ‐glutamine, and glycine cannot be used as sole sources of both carbon and nitrogen. Among the nine fatty acids that predominate in whole cell preparations are 9‐methyl decanoic acid (C 11:0 iso ), 3‐hydroxy‐9‐methyl decanoic acid (C 11:0 iso 3OH ), and 3‐hydroxy‐11‐methyl dodecanoic acid (C 13:0 iso 3OH ), which are highly characteristic of this genus. The ubiquinone that is present has eight isoprene units. Spermidine is the main polyamine; spermine is usually detectable, but not 2‐hydroxyputrescine or 1,3‐diaminopropane. Species so far described are plant pathogens or are plant associated. The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 63.3–69.7 ( T m ). Type species : Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939, 190, emend. Vauterin Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995, 484 (“ Bacillus campestris ” Pammel 1895, 130.)
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