Grasping the population aging from the perspective of long-term development has certain guiding significance of formulating national economic development plan and social strategic goals in China. Based on the Markov matrix and the population process reflected by Leslie matrix, an improved Markov matrix is constructed in this paper to predict the aging tendency of China's population. The prediction process takes full account of age-specific fertility rate, agespecific survival rate, male-to-female birth ratio and age-specific male-to-female ratio, which makes it have strong fault tolerance. It turns out that China's population will reach a peak of 1.42337 billion in 2027, and the proportion of the aging population will reach a maximum of 34.35% in 2060 and then begin to decline slightly, which can be traced to the second baby boom in Chinese history. But the proportion will remain above 25% until 2220. China's population aging is a long-term and non-cyclical process, and its deepening is mainly caused by the population structure not adapting to the population fertility pattern and life style under the background of the new era. Therefore, improving the population aging in China needs time to push forward the evolution of population structure. At the same time, China should develop a long-term sustainable aging economy to prepare for confronting the aging war and the "turning point".