Application of Green Technology in Gelatin Extraction: A Review

Abstract

Growing demands for green and sustainable processing that eliminates the utilization of toxic chemicals and increases efficiency has encouraged the application of novel extraction technologies for the food industry. This review discusses the principles and potential application of several green technology for gelatin extraction. Several novel technologies and their processing efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, factors that affect the quality of the gelatin produced from different sources are also highlighted. The potential application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction, high-pressure processing, and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to improve gelatin extraction are addressed. These technologies have the potential to become an efficient extraction method compared to the conventional extraction technologies. Several combinations of green and conventional technologies have been reported to yield promising results. These combinations, especially using conventional pre-treatment and green technologies for extraction, have been found to be more effective in producing gelatin. Since gelatin could be produced from various sources, it exhibits different characteristics; thus, different approaches and extraction method should be identified for specific types of gelatin. Although these technologies have limitations, such as overhydration and sophisticated systems explicitly designed for large-scale production, they are nonetheless more efficient in the long run to safeguard the environment as they reduce solvent usage and carbon footprint along the way.

Improving collagen processing towards a greener approach: current progress

“…A large ratio of solid-to-liquid leads to lower recovery due to the inadequate stirring of the solvent by microwaves and excessive swelling of the tissue material. 83 The effect of irradiation duration on collagen recovery was in contrast to gelatine recovery from rabbit skin; the yield climbed to a maximum value and then decreased abruptly over time for 84 cattle hide, 29 but continued to increase for rabbit skin. 86 Furthermore, collagen extraction required longer MAE duration (6-9 h) in comparison to gelatine (1 h).…”

“…Initial results indicate that it requires less extraction time and chemical input while improving physicochemical properties such as gel strength, viscosity, and melting point. 84 Moreover, MAE is currently promoted as a novel processing method for the production of bio-functional peptides from collagenous sources. 85 A recent work effectively demonstrated the use of MAE to improve collagen extraction from calf hide in the presence of acetic acid.…”

“…MAE is actively investigated as a more environmentally friendly method of extracting gelatine from various tissue matrixes. Initial results indicate that it requires less extraction time and chemical input while improving physicochemical properties such as gel strength, viscosity, and melting point 84 . Moreover, MAE is currently promoted as a novel processing method for the production of bio‐functional peptides from collagenous sources 85 …”

“…This energy heats the water stored inside the cell and causes it to evaporate from the cell matrix, causing cell disintegration and the release of intracellular components into the medium. A substantial amount of pressure inflicted at the cellular and subcellular level could stimulate swelling of the cell, promoting changes in the cell structure and eventually enabling more significant mass transfer of solutes to expedite cell hydrolysis during MAE 84 . The schematic diagram of a MAE system is depicted in Fig.…”

Bovidae‐based gelatin: Extractions method, physicochemical and functional properties, applications, and future trends

“…Both bromelain and UAE assisted in the extraction process. As assistance of enzyme was explained in section 4.3, UAE uses ultrasound pressure waves that can damage the structure of the matrix and therefore enhance gelatin extraction (Noor et al, 2021). Ahmad et al (2019) also successfully extracted gelatin from bovine skin using papain and actinidin.…”