Application of hardwood for glued laminated timber in Europe

Glavinić, Ivana Uzelac; Boko, Ivica; Torić, Neno; Vranković, Jelena Lovrić

doi:10.14256/jce.2741.2019

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Softwood is low-density and has a uniform structure, requiring simpler manufacturing technologies for surface treatment and gluing. This results in a more economical fabrication process than for hardwood [90]. While hardwood is generally stronger [91], it is more difficult to process than softwood.…”

Section: Materials Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

Orozco,

Krtschil,

Wagner

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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To meet climate change goals and respond to increased global urbanisation, the building industry needs to improve both its building technology and its design methods. Constrained urban environments and building stock extensions are challenges for standard timber construction. Co-design promises to better integrate disciplines and processes, promising smaller feedback loops for design iteration and building verification. This article describes the integrated design, fabrication, and construction processes of a timber building prototype as a case study for the application of co-design methods. Emphasis is placed on the development of design and engineering methods, fabrication and construction processes, and materials and building systems. The development of the building prototype builds on previous research in robotic fabrication (including prefabrication, task distribution, and augmented reality integration), agent-based modelling (ABM) for the design and optimisation of structural components, and the systematisation of timber buildings and their components. The results presented in this article include a functional example of co-design from which best practises may be extrapolated as part of an inductive approach to design research. The prototype, with its co-designed process and resultant flat ceilings, integrated services, wide spans, and design adaptability for irregular column locations, has the potential to expand the design potential of multi-storey timber buildings.

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Section: Materials Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

Orozco,

Krtschil,

Wagner

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…In the four-point bending test, the global modulus of elasticity was determined. Displacement was measured at the points of load application and not at the middle of a beam, as described in the related standard; therefore, the global modulus of elasticity was calculated using Equation (1). The equation is based on Timoshenko's beam theory and can be used to calculate the global modulus of elasticity when the displacement at load-applying points is known [29].…”

Section: Analytical Calculation Of the Effective Modulus Of Elasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wood has become an increasingly interesting alternative to steel and concrete in recent years due to increased environmental awareness and the overall trend of sustainable construction. In Europe, softwoods are mainly used for construction purposes [1]. Due to climate change and the planned reduction in the share of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bonding Performance of Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde and Polyurethane Adhesives for Laminated Hybrid Beams and Their Selected Mechanical Properties

Fašalek,

Straže,

Šega

et al. 2023

Buildings

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Beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) is a prevalent tree species in Slovenia and is suitable for manufacturing glulam beams. However, beech wood has certain limitations that can potentially be mitigated by combining it with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) wood to create hybrid beams. This study aimed to determine the bonding performance of commonly used melamine–urea–formaldehyde and polyurethane adhesives for these hybrid beams. Moreover, how varying the proportion of beech wood in a hybrid beam affects its mechanical properties was examined. Shear and delamination tests (method B) were conducted, and EN 14080:2013 requirements were met in all cases. The four-point bending tests of the beams showed that hybrid beams containing 20% of beech wood in the cross-sectional height on each side of the neutral axis exhibited a similar modulus of elasticity values as pure beech beams, but their strength was not equally improved. Hybrid beams with 11% of beech wood did not show any improvement in bending stiffness or strength compared to pure spruce beams. It was noted that the presence of beech wood in a hybrid beam can influence its failure mode. Furthermore, analytical calculations showed that a symmetrical lay-up is preferable to an asymmetrical one to increase the effective modulus of elasticity.

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“…When examining homogeneous glulam beams (crafted from a single wood species), investigations into the thermal characteristics and properties influencing combustion can be approached similarly to solid wood analyses [26]. However, the combination of different wood species within a glulam assembly presents distinct challenges, primarily due to variations in the anatomical structure, physical properties, and differing thermal expansion exhibited by each wood species [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burning Properties of Combined Glued Laminated Timber

Kytka,

Gašparík,

Novák

et al. 2024

Fire

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This study delved into the combustion properties of combined glulam bonded using polyurethane (PUR) and resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde (RPF) adhesives. The experiment involved three distinct wood species, namely, spruce, alder, and beech, which were combined in homogeneous, non-homogeneous symmetrical, and non-homogeneous asymmetrical arrangements. These species were selected to represent a spectrum, namely, softwood (spruce), low-density hardwood (alder), and high-density hardwood (beech). The varying combinations of wood species illustrate potential compositions within structural elements, aiming to optimize mechanical bending resistance. Various parameters were measured during combustion, namely, the heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pHRR), mass loss rate (MLR), average rate of heat emission (ARHE), peak average rate of heat emission (MARHE), time to ignition (TTI), and effective heat of combustion (EHC). The findings indicate that incorporating beech wood into the composite glulam resulted in an increase in heat release, significantly altering the burning characteristics, which was particularly evident at the second peak. Conversely, the use of spruce wood exhibited the lowest heat release rate. Alder wood, when subjected to heat flux at the glued joint, displayed the highest heat emission, aligning with the results for EHC and MARHE. This observation suggests that wood species prone to early thermal decomposition emit more heat within a shorter duration. The time to ignition (TTI) was consistent, occurring between the first and second minute across all tested wood species and combinations. Notably, when subjected to heat flux, the glulam samples bonded with PUR adhesive experienced complete delamination of the initial two glued joints, whereas those bonded with RPF adhesive exhibited only partial delamination.

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Application of hardwood for glued laminated timber in Europe

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

Bonding Performance of Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde and Polyurethane Adhesives for Laminated Hybrid Beams and Their Selected Mechanical Properties

Burning Properties of Combined Glued Laminated Timber

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