Application of heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of refined palm oil in ultrasound-assisted reactor

Choedkiatsakul, Issara; Ngaosuwan, Kanokwan; Assabumrungrat, Suttichai

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.01.015

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Consequently, this deactivation can be prevented just by storing the catalyst under very dry air. Finally, other authors suggest that materials can suffer from sintering, decreasing the concentration of active sites on the surface, with an important effect on the activity [34,[36][37][38]. This process is mainly observed for mixed oxides because high temperatures can favor the layered structure, with partial loss of activity [38].…”

Section: Transesterification Catalyst Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Base-Catalyzed Reactions in Biomass Conversion: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Deactivation

Faba

Dı́az

Ordóñez

2016

Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology

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Although less studied than acid-catalyzed reactions, mainly because of their marginal interest in petrochemical processes, base-catalyzed reactions (either homogeneous or heterogeneous) play a key role in the upgrading of biomass-derived platform molecules. As in most of the chemical processes, the replacement of homogeneous catalysts by heterogeneous catalysts is of key interest. This article reviews the state of the art in the most important base-catalyzed reactions in the biofuel manufacture (biodiesel from triglycerides) and the upgrading of biomass-derived platform molecules (such as acetone, ethanol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, or acetic acid). Transesterification reactions, aldol condensation (alone or in combination with other reactions), and ketonization are the main reactions involved in these biorefinery processes. Reviewed are the most common catalysts proposed for these reactions (mainly heterogeneous), as well as the proposed mechanisms for these reactions, and the main factors governing catalyst deactivation when used in each of these reactions.

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Section: Transesterification Catalyst Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is mainly observed for mixed oxides because high temperatures can favor the layered structure, with partial loss of activity [38]. The use of ultrasonication reactors has been proposed as an opportunity to prevent this deactivation [37].…”

Section: Transesterification Catalyst Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Base-Catalyzed Reactions in Biomass Conversion: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Deactivation

Faba

Dı́az

Ordóñez

2016

Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology

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“…Equation (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) were used to determine the percentages (m/m) of free glycerol, mono-,di-, and triglycerides, and total glycerol in the biodiesel sample, respectively.…”

Section: Determination Of the Percentage Of Free Glycerol And Glyceridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significantly, both yield and conversion from the fourth cycle reduce to 56.63% and 71.72%, respectively, for RPO; and 45.91 and 51.23%, respectively, for CPO. Under ultrasonic cavitation, the microbubbles of reaction products especially glycerol have more potential to adsorb onto the CaO surface and generate glyceroxides species as the alternative active sites [9]. Kouzu et al [39] reported that glyceroxides species are more active than CaO itself in transesterification.…”

Section: Catalyst Reusability Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst

Gan

et al. 2015

Energy Science & Engineering

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Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) and crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biodiesel using a palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst is studied in this work. The reaction time is significantly reduced from a maximum of 360 min under conventional mixing to just 30 min with the use of ultrasound. Under ultrasonic cavitation, the required catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio to produce comparable yields and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversions as conventional mixing are lower. For RPO, the ultrasound-assisted transesterification conditions of 60% ultrasonic amplitude, 30 min reaction time, 4 wt.% catalyst loading, and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio result in maximum biodiesel yield and FAME conversion of 85.23% and 97.02%, respectively. As for CPO, maximum biodiesel yield of 73.23% and FAME conversion of 97.04% are obtained under the same conditions with the exception of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Key physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesels are found to be within the limits set by EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751. Catalyst reusability tests indicate that the catalyst can be used up to three consecutive cycles after regeneration using methanol washing followed by recalcination at 850°C for 2 h.

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Mainstream Strategies for Biodiesel Production

Chanthon

Petchsoongsakul

Ngaosuwan

et al. 2022

Biodiesel Production

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Application of heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of refined palm oil in ultrasound-assisted reactor

Cited by 46 publications

References 49 publications

Base-Catalyzed Reactions in Biomass Conversion: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Deactivation

Base-Catalyzed Reactions in Biomass Conversion: Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Deactivation

Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst

Mainstream Strategies for Biodiesel Production

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