Application of hierarchically porous metal-organic frameworks in heterogeneous catalysis: A review

Abstract

Hierarchically porous metal-organic frameworks (H-MOFs) with micro-, meso-and macropores have emerged as a popular class of crystalline porous materials that have attracted extensive interests, and they have been studied in diverse applications, especially in heterogeneous catalysis. The hierarchical structures enable sufficient diffusion and accessibility to the active sites of the molecules and permit the encapsulation of catalytic guest molecules to exploit more possibilities with enhanced catalytic performance. In this review, we have summarized the recent representative developments of H-MOFs in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, which includes oxidation reaction, hydrogenation reaction, and condensation reaction. Emphasis is placed on the multiple functions of hierarchical structures, and the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, recyclability, etc. of the industrial utility of H-MOFs. Finally, the prospects and challenges of H-MOFs in heterogeneous catalysis and the remaining issues in this field are presented.

Recent progress of sub-1 nm nanomaterials: synthesis, polymer-analogue properties and applications in redox catalysis

“…Nanomaterials play an essential role in catalysis for the synthesis of commercial chemicals and conversion of organic chemicals. [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] Most catalysts benefit from the size reduction for the increasing specific surface area. As sizes decrease to the sub-nanometric scale, most atoms are distributed on the surface with only a small portion of atoms involved, ensuring efficient utilization of active sites.…”

Constructing strategies for hierarchically porous MOFs with different pore sizes and applications in adsorption and catalysis

“…Consequently, hierarchical porous MOFs with various mechanisms and their preparation methods are constantly emerging. 15,16,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] The current methods used to construct hierarchically porous MOFs usually have some drawbacks. For example, the template is easily repelled during the crystal growth process.…”

Template Method for Synthesizing Hierarchically Porous MIL-101(Cr) for Efficient Removal of Large Molecular Dye

“…HP-MOFs not only maintain the basic properties of the related pristine MOFs but also construct macro/mesoporous structures on the basis of micropores, which reduce macromolecular diffusion barriers and optimize the deficiencies of microporous pristine MOFs [16,17]. The HP-MOFs demonstrate excellent performance in the utilization of gas storage and separation [18], catalysis [19], drug mitigation [20], and adsorption [21][22][23]. Thus, the design and synthesis of HP-MOF materials with unique morphology and hierarchical pores are also crucial for many applications in specific fields (e.g., drug transport, adsorption, catalysis, etc.…”