Application of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for the Extraction of Ginsenosides from Fresh Ginseng Root (Panax ginseng C.A. Myer)

Sunwoo, Hoon H.; Gujral, Naiyana; Huebl, Alyssa C.; Kim, Chong-Tai

doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1234-1

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The simultaneous use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH, HHP–EH) improves the activity of proteolytic enzymes and eliminates the need for pre-treatments, resulting in a lower processing cost [ 20 ]. Furthermore, there is a reduced risk of microbial growth during a reaction under high pressure, and the retention of flavour, colour, and nutritional value improves the shelf-life stability of commercial products [ 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Peptides Released from β-Lactoglobulin by High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis

et al. 2017

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Background: β-lactoglobulin hydrolysates (BLGH) have shown antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and opioid activity. In the current study, an innovative combination of high hydrostatic pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis (HHP–EH) was used to increase the yield of short bioactive peptides, and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the BLGH produced by the HHP–EH process. Method: BLG was enzymatically hydrolyzed by different proteases at an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1:100 under HHP (100 MPa) and compared with hydrolysates obtained under atmospheric pressure (AP-EH at 0.1 MPa). The degree of hydrolysis (DH), molecular weight distribution, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of hydrolysates in chemical and cellular models were evaluated. Results: BLGH obtained under HHP–EH showed higher DH than the hydrolysates obtained under AP-EH. Free radical scavenging and the reducing capacity were also significantly stronger in HHP-BLGH compared to AP-BLGH. The BLGH produced by alcalase (Alc) (BLG-Alc) showed significantly higher antioxidant properties among the six enzymes examined in this study. The anti-inflammatory properties of BLG-HHP-Alc were observed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells by a lower level of nitric oxide production and the suppression of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Peptide sequencing revealed that 38% of the amino acids in BLG-HHP-Alc are hydrophobic and aromatic residues, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusions: Enzymatic hydrolysis of BLG under HHP produces a higher yield of short bioactive peptides with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Peptides Released from β-Lactoglobulin by High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis

et al. 2017

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“…Many techniques involving their extraction, purification and analysis have been employed from a variety of host tissues such as roots (Lin et al 2013;Sunwoo et al 2014), leaves (Lee et al 2012) and even berries (Kim et al 2013). The preferred solvent under use involves methanol often in aqueous solutions, in conjunction with heat, refluxing or sonication-based extraction methodologies (Corbit et al 2005;Engelberth et al 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Solvent-based extraction optimisation for efficient ultrasonication-assisted ginsenoside recovery from Panax quinquefolius and P. sikkimensis cell suspension lines

Biswas

Ajayakumar

Mathur

et al. 2015

Natural Product Research

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The present study aims at developing an extraction protocol for efficient ginsenoside recovery from cell suspensions of Panax quinquefolius and P. sikkimensis. Methanol (100%, 70% and 30%), water (40°C, 90°C), water-saturated butanol and butanol-saturated water were compared for their ultrasonication-assisted ginsenoside retrieval efficacy. HPLC and HP-TLC analysis revealed 100% methanol as the best solvent for maximum retrieval of Rb (diol) and Rg (triol) ginsenosides (P. quinquefolius: Rb: 0.189, Rg: 3.163 mg/g DW; P. sikkimensis: Rb: 0.245, Rg: 4.073 mg/g DW), followed by water (90°C). Methanolic solutions, especially 70%, proved to be significant retrievers of Rg1 (1.812 and 1.327 mg/g DW in P. quinquefolius and P. sikkimensis), with poor Re recovery (0.328 and 0.342 mg/g DW). Water-saturated butanol also led to significant ginsenoside extraction (72.4% of content extracted by methanol), selectively in P. quinquefolius, with a less than 50% of total content extracted by methanol, in P. sikkimensis.

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“…In addition to the above enzymes, β-glucosidase, β-glycosidase, pectinase, cellulose, and naringinase have also been utilized for enzymatic conversion of ginseng. Pectinase, β-glucosidase, and β-glycosidase react with ginseng to produce CK [ 115 ], and cellulose has been used to generate Rg3 in WG extracts [ 116 , 117 ]. Moreover, cellulose mixed with naringinase increases conversion of Re and Rg1 into F1 [ 118 ].…”

Section: Variations In Ginsenoside Compositions Due To Different Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies

et al. 2020

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Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C–3, C–6, or C–20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.

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Application of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for the Extraction of Ginsenosides from Fresh Ginseng Root (Panax ginseng C.A. Myer)

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Peptides Released from β-Lactoglobulin by High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Peptides Released from β-Lactoglobulin by High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Solvent-based extraction optimisation for efficient ultrasonication-assisted ginsenoside recovery from Panax quinquefolius and P. sikkimensis cell suspension lines

Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies

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