Application of humic acid and biofertilizers changes oil and phenolic compounds of fennel and fenugreek in intercropping systems

Ghaderimokri, Lavin; Rezaei‐Chiyaneh, Esmaeil; Ghiyasi, Mahdi; Gheshlaghi, Mohammad; Battaglia, Martín Leonardo; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09645-4

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The bio-fertilizers (Az + Bm + Bc and Az + Bm + Bc + VAM) increased umbel number/plant compared to the control. In line with this, Ghaderimokri et al [11] reported that biofertilization increased the umbel number in fennel by 16.5% compared with the control, and humic acid recorded the largest number of umbels (51.5 umbels/plant), which is also similar to our findings with RM60 and NPK150 (47.03-51.30 umbels/plant). Similar observations were made by El-Sayed et al [57] in Anethum graveolens, and Youssef et al [47] in Carum carvi.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…A decrease in the 1000-seed weight of the caraway plant was also reported due to individual application of bio-fertilization when compared with NPK and its combination with bio-fertilizer [47]. In contrast, Ghaderimokri et al [11] recorded an increase in the 1000-seed weight of fennel subjected to a mixture of N-fixing bacteria, P-, and K-solubilizing bacteria compared to the control. These results indicate that applying bio-, organic, and chemical fertilization to fennel plants affected physiological processes like photosynthesis, which led to the accumulation of nutrients and phytochemicals in the fruits and the full filling of the fruits [67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The content of EO in fennel fruits ranges from 1 to 4% depending on the cultivar, fruit maturity, climate conditions, and agricultural practices (e.g., irrigation, fertilization) [3][4][5]. Transanethole (25-85%), estragole (2-50%), fenchone (0.60-28%), and limonene (0.90-18%) are the main constituents of fennel EO that determine the quality of the oil [6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition, trans-anethole has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reducing the proportion of estragole in the EO is important as fennel cannot be free of it due to the biosynthetic association with anethole formation [6]. Recent reports indicated that the level of estragole in the volatile oil might change in response to treatment with nutrients of different origins [3,9,11,18,19]. However, minimal studies compared the components of the EO produced from organically, biologically, or chemically fertilized fennel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Organic and Bio-Fertilization on Fruit Yield, Bioactive Constituents, and Estragole Content in Fennel Fruits

et al. 2023

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Fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) represent one of the plant-based natural spices. This study aims to improve the fruit yield and essential oil (EO) quality by reducing the undesirable component, estragole, under different fertilizer treatments. The fertilizers included chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and also the organic additive, rabbit manure (RM). For bio-fertilization, plants were inoculated with a mixture of N-fixing bacteria, and P- and K-solubilizing bacteria with/without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The results showed that fruit and EO yield parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH scavenging activity of fruit extracts were enhanced by fertilizer treatments in both growing seasons. NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield. TPC and TFC were enhanced by using biological fertilizers. DPPH scavenging activity was higher in organically and biologically fertilized fennel. The GC-MS analyses of EO revealed higher contents of the desirable trans-anethole in the organically and chemically fertilized fennel. However, the highest proportion of estragole, the undesirable compound, was recorded for NPK150 and unfertilized plants. On the contrary, increases in the EO content and yield of fennel fruits were achieved by RM along with a reduction in estragole, enhancement in trans-anethole, and increments in other favorable compounds such as fenchone and limonene. In addition, the inhibition of estragole formation was recorded with bio-fertilizers, which also increased the trans-anethole content. Furthermore, the trans-anethole/estragole ratio was significantly higher with the application of organic and bio-fertilization. Hence, organic and bio-fertilizer resources can produce high-quality fennel fruit and EO. The reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers can help to reduce environmental pollution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of Organic and Bio-Fertilization on Fruit Yield, Bioactive Constituents, and Estragole Content in Fennel Fruits

et al. 2023

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“…In several proteins, it functions as a cofactor, which increases protein synthesis (Marschner, 2012). In several publications, Ghaderimokri et al (2022), Machiani et al (2019), Akbari and Gholami (2016), Mostafa (2015) and Sharaf-El-Deen et al (2012) reported an increase in fennel oil yield due to the application of zinc or humic acid. It was found that the increase in oil yield was correlated with an improvement in vegetative growth and seed yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Zinc and Humic Acid on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Percentage of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Plants

Tawfik

2022

Scient. J. of Flowers and Ornament. Plants

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The current study was carried out to study the growth, yield and essential oil percentage of fennel as influenced by different concentrations of zinc and humic acid. The treatments were comprised of foliar application of zinc at three rates (0, 100 and 200 ppm) and soil drench of humic acid at four rates (0, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm), as well as their interactions. The results revealed that zinc treatment at 100 ppm significantly increased the number of branches/plant, number of umbels/plant, herb fresh and dry weights/plant, fruit yield/fed and essential oil %. However, raising zinc concentration to 200 ppm revealed a significant decrease in fruit yield/fed. Soil application of humic acid at the moderate level (750 ppm) scored the highest values compared to the other levels on all parameters except for plant height and herb fresh weight. The interaction effect was statistically significant on all examined parameters. In this connection, combined zinc treatment at 100 ppm and humic acid at 750 ppm proved superior in all measured parameters except for plant height. Thus, our study provides valuable information about the possibility of improving the growth and productivity of fennel plants using a combined treatment of zinc and humic acid.

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Sensory analysis of microwave‐roasted fenugreek and coffee blend

Yazicioglu

2022

Legume Science

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Fenugreek is one of the well‐known legumes, used for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, nutritional, and pharmaceutical properties. It was aimed to obtain coffee by blending microwave (600 W)‐roasted fenugreek with coffee arabica and to determine the best roasting conditions (2 and 4 min), and blending ratios (20% and 50%) for fenugreek seeds by consumer sensory analysis. A voluntary, minimal‐trained consumer panel of 80 panelists was conducted. Coffee from roasted Arabica beans (100%) was used as a control. Cronbach's alpha values of 67.2% and 90.9% were obtained for the reliability of the first and second parts of the survey, respectively. The attributes “brown” color, “burnt,” and “bitter” taste, and “astringent” texture were significantly different between samples (p < 0.05), whereas oily appearance, green color, coffee, green/vegan, fruity, sour, sweet, nutty, caramel, cacao, caffeine and creamy flavor, and viscosity sensation were statistically the same. The Tamhane T2 post hoc test showed that the color of the control sample was more brownish, whereas the 50% blend of 4 min roasted fenugreek had a more burnt, bitter, and astringent taste. Appreciation scores for taste/aroma, appearance, and mouthfeel also differed significantly between samples, whereas odor was rated as the same by panelists. This study shows that sample with 20% mixture of fenugreek roasted for 4 min at 600 W had statistically the same scores as the control sample in terms of odor, appearance, aroma, taste, and mouthfeel. These findings were also supported by physical and antioxidative quality measurements such as color, pH, moisture content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity.

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Application of humic acid and biofertilizers changes oil and phenolic compounds of fennel and fenugreek in intercropping systems

Cited by 20 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Organic and Bio-Fertilization on Fruit Yield, Bioactive Constituents, and Estragole Content in Fennel Fruits

Effect of Organic and Bio-Fertilization on Fruit Yield, Bioactive Constituents, and Estragole Content in Fennel Fruits

Influence of Zinc and Humic Acid on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Percentage of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Plants

Sensory analysis of microwave‐roasted fenugreek and coffee blend

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