“…10.3389/feart.2024.1421705 DAMS (ICOLD), the total number of dams worldwide, as of April 2023, is approximately 61,988, of which 67% are earth dams (Evers et al, 2020). However, the operational behavior of earth dams is very complex, and the deployment of monitoring systems can help to examine their service performance (Li et al, 2020;Mai et al, 2023). For example, for earth dams, since the density of the dam is always nonuniform, the consolidation deformation of earth dams under the action of infiltration will be unevenly distributed, leading to inconsistencies between the local and overall deformation of the dam.…”