Application of Kalman Filtering in Computer Relaying

Identifying Defects in the Transmission Lines by Neural Networks

“…A series of four consecutive instantaneous amplitudes of the DFT [3] of each signal (sampled at 1 khz) is selected as input to neural networks to identify the fault. This series is a mobile with a length of 3 ms window.…”

“…This series is a mobile with a length of 3 ms window. The amplitudes of the DFT [3] are normalized to reach the input level of the neural networks.…”

“…The technique is based on the theory of symmetrical components which requires a calculation of Direct amplitudes, Negative and zero sequence components of This technique assumes that the transmission line is ideally transposed, She may have difficulty identifying a two-phase ground fault. Different techniques have been proposed to estimate the amplitudes of the signals, ie using the discrete Fourier transform, Walsh functions [1], the Kalman filter [2,3], etc.…”

Estimation of Electrical Power Quantities by Means of Kalman Filtering

“…Voltage dips caused by power system faults can be classified as events. (Girgis & Brown, 1981) proposed a threestate signal model which allowed transient voltage variations to be tracked for computer relaying. First two states correspond to the fundamental grid frequency in a rotating reference frame while the third one, an exponentially decaying signal, is employed for fault detection purposes.…”

Kalman Filter on Power Electronics and Power Systems Applications

“…Based on information coming from voltages and currents, decisions must be taken in order to detect and protect the power system from more severe faults and maintain its stable operation (Girgis & Brown, 1981).…”