Complex pores and fissures are the main transportable channels of coal reservoir resources and key factors affecting the permeability of coal seams. Owing to different tectonic stresses, the development characteristics of pores and fissures in coal can differ significantly, which also results in differences in reservoir permeability. Therefore, analysing the influence of pore structure characteristics on coal-rock permeability is needed. In this study, four samples from the DaTong Coal Mine in the central and southern Qinshui Basin of Shanxi Province were selected for analysis. Combined computerised tomography (CT) scanning and digital image processing technology revealed the development characteristics, distribution rules, morphology, and structural differences of different coals. Based on the capillary seepage channel model and fractal geometry theory combined with the pore structure parameters obtained by CT scanning, the permeability was predicted. Furthermore, the control mechanism of the pore structure on coal permeability is discussed. The results showed that the coal porosity is positively correlated with pore diameter, pore volume, connectivity factor, and connectivity strength at the micrometer scale. Coal reservoir permeability is controlled by multiple factors, including pore size, pore volume, porosity, connectivity factor, connectivity strength, and fractal dimension, among which pore size has the most significant influence. After the complexity and connectivity of the micropore structure in coal rock were considered, the accuracy and applicability of the pore structure parameters obtained by CT scanning to predict the permeability were verified by comparing with the measured permeability.