“…Thus, an optimum condition should be applied to minimize nonspecific bindings in MIP (Alizadeh, Zare, Ganjali, Norouzi, & Tavana, ). MAA was selected as a functional monomer according to our previous studies (Hadizadeh, Hassanpour Moghadam, & Mohajeri, ; Hadizadeh, Zakerian, & Mohajeri, ; Mohajeri & Ebrahimi, ; Mohajeri, Karimi, & Khansari, ; Mohajeri, Malaekeh‐Nikouei, & Sadegh, ; Sahebnasagh, Karimi, & Mohajeri, ). Owing to the presence of functional groups such as amine (−NH 2 ) and hydroxyl (−OH) groups in the chemical structure of tramadol and carboxylic acid (−COOH) group in MAA, strong electrostatic and ionic interactions could be formed in organic and aqueous media (Figure ).…”