“…Chen et al (2000) earlier obtained similar results, statistically deriving a closed form expression for the lower bound of the bullwhip effect in a two-stage supply chain employing Order-Up-To with moving average forecasting method and facing an autoregressive AR(1) demand process. Many studies have attempted to quantify the combined impact of Order-Up-To policy with different forecasting methods (Chen et al, 2000;Dejonckheere et al, 2003;Zhang, 2004;Chandra & Grabis, 2005;Kelepouris, Miliotis, & Pramatari, 2008;Wright & Yuan, 2008), and lead-time (Chen et al, 2000;Chatfield et al, 2004;Zhang, 2004;Chandra & Grabis, 2005;Kelepouris et al, 2008;Agrawal, Sengupta, & Shanker, 2009). Furthermore, the impact of collaboration and information sharing, as a bullwhip effect avoidance approach, has been evaluated and quantified in supply chains employ the order-up-to policy (Chen et al, 2000;Chatfield et al, 2004;Kelepouris et al, 2008;Costantino, Di Gravio, Shaban, & Tronci, 2013b, 2014c.…”