Application of multivariate statistical analysis and water quality index in health risk assessment by domestic use of river water. Case study of Tana River in Kenya

Njuguna, Samwel Maina; Onyango, Janet Atieno; Githaiga, Kelvin Babu; Gituru, Robert Wahiti; Xue, Ying

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.006

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The water quality parameters were analysed and reported in various parts of the globe, the heavy metal concentration was found to be the essential factor to decide the quality of river and ground wsater [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Based on the previous reports available the study area was selected for the present study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Drinking Water at Asgede Tsimbila District, Tigray, Ethiopia

Haftu

Sathishkumar

2020

Chemistry Africa

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The characteristics of the water decides whether the available water is suitable for consumption of living organisms. Therefore the measurement of heavy metals concentration and physicochemical parameters decides the quality of the water resources which significantly contributes to the social quality of the people living in the particular area. In this regard an attempt is made to measure the quality of the water available in Asigde Tsimbla Woreda in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia. There are 25 drinking water samples were collected for the analysis. In order to understand the quality of drinking water in Asigde Tsimbla Woreda, national and international standards was utilized for analyzing the various physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. The heavy metal concentration was found to be Cd (44%), Co (76%), Cr (40%), Fe (76%), Ni (44%), Cu (16%), Pb (64%) and Zn (100%) which were higher than WHO limit for drinking purposes. The results shows that water exhibit the poor in quality, then it needs the physicochemical treatment during drinking purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Drinking Water at Asgede Tsimbila District, Tigray, Ethiopia

Haftu

Sathishkumar

2020

Chemistry Africa

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“…In addition, the concentrations of the TN, TP, Fe and Mn in the wet season were higher than in the dry season. This indicates that the rainfall runoff significantly affects the quality of river water in the wet season [ 9 , 26 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Su et al [ 8 ] found that the water quality of the Qiantang River in eastern China was affected mainly by domestic sewage and agricultural pollution, industrial wastewater discharge, vehicle exhaust, sand mining, and mineral weathering. Njuguna et al [ 9 ] recently reported that Mn, Cl and Al were major pollutants of the Tana River in Kenya and came from natural sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Patterns in River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in the Arid Beichuan River Basin of Northwestern China Using Positive Matrix Factorization Receptor Modeling Techniques

Xiao

Zhang

Niu

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Deteriorating surface water quality has become an important environmental problem in China. In this study, river water quality was monitored in July (wet season) and October (dry season) 2019 at 26 sites, and a water quality index (WQI) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess surface water quality and identify pollution sources in the Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province, China. The results showed that 53.85% and 76.92% of TN, 11.54% and 34.62% of TP, 65.38% and 76.92% of Fe, and 11.54% and 15.38% of Mn samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, exceeded the Chinese Government’s Grade III standards for surface water quality. The spatial variation in water quality showed that it gradually deteriorated from upstream to downstream as a result of human activity. The temporal variation showed that water quality was poorer in the wet season than in the dry season because of the rainfall runoff effect. The PMF model outputs showed that the primary sources of pollution in the wet season were mineral weathering and organic pollution sources, domestic and industrial sewage, and agricultural and urban non-point pollution sources. However, in the dry season, the primary sources were mineral weathering and organic pollution sources, industrial sewage, and domestic sewage. Our results suggest that the point pollution sources (domestic and industrial sewage) should be more strictly controlled, as a priority, in order to prevent the continued deterioration in water quality.

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“…Strong positive correlation between pollutants indicates a common source, similar behavior or mutual dependence [24]. Aluminum and Fe may have originated from Andisol soils that are common in the study area [31]. Cobalt may have emanated from agrochemicals since it was only detected at site 11, that was under cabbage and garden pea production.…”

Section: Pearson Correlationmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…High concentration of As, Hg, Ni, Cu and Cd was detected in lakes Bogoria and Elementaita [48]. Similarly, high levels of Mn, Fe and Al have been reported in Tana River [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

et al. 2021

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Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. To determine metal and nutrient concentration of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, a total of 30 water samples, 15 samples each for dry (February) and wet (August) seasons of 2019, were collected. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, molybdenum, mercury, selenium and nickel were not detected in both seasons, while manganese, iron and aluminum were the main pollutants identified. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L of iron that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution.

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Application of multivariate statistical analysis and water quality index in health risk assessment by domestic use of river water. Case study of Tana River in Kenya

Cited by 82 publications

References 13 publications

Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Drinking Water at Asgede Tsimbila District, Tigray, Ethiopia

Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Drinking Water at Asgede Tsimbila District, Tigray, Ethiopia

Spatiotemporal Patterns in River Water Quality and Pollution Source Apportionment in the Arid Beichuan River Basin of Northwestern China Using Positive Matrix Factorization Receptor Modeling Techniques

Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

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