Application of nanomaterials in diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma

Abstract

Diagnosing and treating glioblastoma patients is currently hindered by several obstacles, such as tumor heterogeneity, the blood-brain barrier, tumor complexity, drug efflux pumps, and tumor immune escape mechanisms. Combining multiple methods can increase benefits against these challenges. For example, nanomaterials can improve the curative effect of glioblastoma treatments, and the synergistic combination of different drugs can markedly reduce their side effects. In this review, we discuss the progression and main issues regarding glioblastoma diagnosis and treatment, the classification of nanomaterials, and the delivery mechanisms of nanomedicines. We also examine tumor targeting and promising nano-diagnosis or treatment principles based on nanomedicine. We also summarize the progress made on the advanced application of combined nanomaterial-based diagnosis and treatment tools and discuss their clinical prospects. This review aims to provide a better understanding of nano-drug combinations, nano-diagnosis, and treatment options for glioblastoma, as well as insights for developing new tools.

Implications of CRNDE in prognosis, tumor immunity, and therapeutic sensitivity in low grade glioma patients

“…The brain tumor microenvironment comprises many different nonneoplastic cell types, all of which exert distinct roles in the formation, maintenance, and progression of LGG [ 27 ]. Monocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, and T cells are the dominating nonneoplastic cell types in LGG [ 28 ].…”

Nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and drug resistance in glioma: New perspectives

“…Under conditions of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, the expression of immune checkpoint receptors (including CTLA4 and PD‐1) is dramatically increased. These receptors are expressed on the surface of T cells and play a negative regulatory role in T cell activation, avoiding immune overactivation and inducing immune escape and drug resistance 61,62 . Selective splicing is the process of generating different mRNA splice isoforms from mRNA precursors by different splicing methods and can result in tumor drug resistance 63,64 .…”

“…These receptors are expressed on the surface of T cells and play a negative regulatory role in T cell activation, avoiding immune overactivation and inducing immune escape and drug resistance. 61 , 62 Selective splicing is the process of generating different mRNA splice isoforms from mRNA precursors by different splicing methods and can result in tumor drug resistance. 63 , 64 This may be related to the level of RNA‐binding proteins, mutations in splice sites, or regulatory elements.…”

Designing Gold Nanoparticles for Precise Glioma Treatment: Challenges and Alternatives

“…One category is by cell type and includes Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma and Oligodendroglioma, while the other category is by malignancy grade as WHO Stages I–IV. In 2021, The WHO CNS5 took a new approach and classified Glioneuronal tumors into six families: (1) Adult-type diffuse gliomas, (2) pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas, (3) pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas, (4) circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, (5) Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors, and (6) Ependymomas [ 128 , 129 ].…”