Application of Nanostructures in Antimicrobial Therapy

Abstract

There are many infectious diseases that may be biofilm mediated, medical device-mediated or from some other agent, are now becoming life-threatening. Despite of availability of many antimicrobial agents, new drugs or therapeutics, these infections have continued to be a global health challenge. Nowadays, conventional antimicrobial agents have failed against many infections due to the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains. Even, if there is a therapeutic efficacy of these drugs, there inappropriate amounts are resulting in an adequate therapeutic index, local and systematic side effects, including irritation, reduction in gut flora and other manifestations. To overcome such situations, nanostructures have exclusive physicochemical properties as they are ultra small, their size can be controlled, greater surface area to mass ratio, high reactivity and functionalizable structure. Encapsulation of antimicrobial drugs in these nanoparticle systems helps in reducing many side effects. It also helps in the sustained release of drug for a larger time period. Several metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as silver, gold, zinc, etc. have shown a promising antimicrobial activity. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles have achieved great success as efficient antimicrobial drug delivery systems. These nanoparticles use multiple biological pathways to exert their antimicrobial mechanism such as cell wall disruption, inhibition of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, etc. Moreover,these preparations of nanoparticles are more cost-effective than that of antibiotic synthesis with lesser or no side effects.

Influence of Different Tetracycline Antimicrobial Therapy of Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma synoviae) in Laying Hens Compared to Tea Tree Essential Oil on Table Egg Quality and Antibiotic Residues

“…Almost half of the produced antibiotics are applied in food animal therapy and among them, tetracyclines have been the most applicable [35]. Because of their wide range of activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, rickettsia and viruses, as well as their relatively low toxicity, good tolerability and applications in various pharmaceutical forms, tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in veterinary medicine [36]. Tetracyclines are the secondary metabolism products of Streptomyces bacteria, though there are also semisynthetic tetracyclines in use [37].…”

Glyconanoparticles as tools to prevent antimicrobial resistance

“…The role of different types of nanomaterials as promising antimicrobial agents is already well established in other contexts [ 16 ]. For example, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, in particular silver-based nanomaterial, have shown a promising antimicrobial activity; liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are recognized as efficient biocompatible antimicrobial drug delivery systems, which allow sustained release of drug for a larger time period [ 17 , 18 ]. More recently, the concept that nanosystems can be considered as efficient devices for the development of new generation vaccines has emerged.…”

Assessment of Biology Activity of the Peeling Substances by the Physicochemical Approaches on the Spirostomum Ambiguum Cell Model

“…ambiguum have several advantages, since they are eukaryotic organisms. The statistically reliable sensitivity to toxicants makes it possible to compare the response of protozoa with that of humans [23,24].…”