Application of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system, and its high recurrence rate causes a great economic burden to patients. Traditional diagnosis and...

Mucoadhesive Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid/Pluronic F127 Nanogel Formation via Thiol–Maleimide Click Reaction for Intravesical Drug Delivery

“…32,33 Nanogels exhibit distinctive features as nanocarriers for the application of BC therapy, such as high structural tunability and stability, good biocompatibility, facilitated delivery of multiple drugs with high loading efficiency, enhanced drug stability and efficacy, spatial and temporal drug release, and improved diffusion of drugs across bladder permeation barrier. 7 To achieve highly efficient intravesical treatment, the drug-loaded nanogels are supposed to quickly attach to the bladder mucus layer and penetrate it, which prolongs the residence time of the drug inside the bladder. The mucoadhesion between mucosal tissue and nanogels leads to the mucoadhesive nanogels long-term attaching to the bladder urothelium and prolonged release of drugs.…”

“…Furthermore, the instilled drug solutions were diluted with urine and washed out of the bladder during urine excretion, necessitating repeated infusions of high doses of drugs. Therefore, the development of intravesical drug delivery (IDD) systems is a promising alternative intravesical administration to overcome the bladder permeation barrier, reduce drug dose, improve the therapeutic efficacy, and reduce systemic toxic side effects. − …”

“…In recent years, many novel IDDs have been developed based on polymeric hydrogels, − microgels, , liposomes, polymer-drug conjugates, , nanoparticles, − nanogels, − and micelles − and shown great potential as therapeutic platforms for BC. Nanogels are three-dimensional structural hydrogels with nanoscale size ranges (typically less than 200 nm) formed by physically or chemically cross-linked polymers. , Nanogels exhibit distinctive features as nanocarriers for the application of BC therapy, such as high structural tunability and stability, good biocompatibility, facilitated delivery of multiple drugs with high loading efficiency, enhanced drug stability and efficacy, spatial and temporal drug release, and improved diffusion of drugs across bladder permeation barrier . To achieve highly efficient intravesical treatment, the drug-loaded nanogels are supposed to quickly attach to the bladder mucus layer and penetrate it, which prolongs the residence time of the drug inside the bladder.…”

ACAT1 promotes proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer via AKT/GSK3β/c-Myc signaling pathway

“…Despite these advances, BLCA exhibits a high recurrence rate and a propensity for progression, necessitating regular follow-up and review and imposing a substantial economic burden on patients 16 , 17 . Consequently, investigating the biological mechanisms underlying BLCA occurrence and development, identifying novel biomarkers, and uncovering potential therapeutic targets are crucial for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BLCA.…”