Application of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Catalysis at the Single-Molecule and Single-Particle Scale

Abstract

The morphology of nanomaterials has a great influence on the catalytic performance. One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials have been widely used in the field of catalysis due to their unique linear morphology with large specific surface area, high electron-hole separation efficiency, strong light absorption capacity, plentiful exposed active sites, and so on. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of 1D nanomaterials by focusing on the applications in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. We highlighted the advanced characterization techniques, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface photovoltage microscopy (SPVM), single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM), and a variety of combined characterization methods, which have been used to identify the catalytic action of active sites and reveal the mechanism of 1D nanomaterials. Finally, the challenges and future directions of the research on the catalytic mechanism of single-particle 1D nanomaterials are prospected. To our best knowledge, there is no review on the application of single-molecule or single-particle characterization technology to 1D nanomaterial catalysis at present. This review provides a systematic introduction to the frontier field and opens the way for the 1D nanomaterial catalysis.

Advances in Nanotechnology for Enhancing the Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs

“…NDDS utilize the ultrafine size, catalytic activity, and protective nature of nanomaterials 41 , 178 , 179 for drug delivery, thereby enhancing drug utilization and reducing adverse drug reactions. 48 The systems can be classified into six types: 49 lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), polymer-based nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based nanoparticles.…”

“…Poorly soluble drugs are categorized into BCS Class II and IV, 47 both exhibiting low solubility but differing in permeability -BCS Class II drugs have higher permeability than BCS Class IV, 177 leading to distinct improvement strategies for each class. NDDS utilize the ultrafine size, catalytic activity, and protective nature of nanomaterials 41,178,179 for drug delivery, thereby enhancing drug utilization and reducing adverse drug reactions. 48 The systems can be classified into six types: 49 lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), polymer-based nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based nanoparticles.…”

“…Nanoparticle drug delivery systems utilize nanomaterials as carriers, leveraging their ultra-small size, high-energy catalytic activity of surface atoms, and protective capabilities for the encapsulated drugs. [40][41][42] These systems enable drugs to bypass physiological barriers, 43 reduce or avoid immune clearance and the effects of bodily fluids on the drug, 44,45 and target drugs for cellular or subcellular-level slow release. 46,47 The overarching goals of these 1472 strategies are to enhance drug utilization 48 and minimize drug toxicity and side effects 49 (see Figure 2A).…”

Zn‐doped MnOx nanowires displaying plentiful crystalline defects and tunable small cross-sections for an optimized volcano-type performance towards supercapacitors

“…Zinc oxide (ZnO) has emerged as an appropriate material for energy storage issues for similar reasons described for MnO 2 ; also, Zn composites seem to maximize the utilization of electrochemical sites [ 20 ]. However, one must remember that an essential feature in electrocatalysis is the charge transfer at the electrode interface and the electrolyte [ 21 ]. Thus, apart from the composition, it is still lacking in the literature more fundamental investigations on the structure-properties relationship, such as the effect of physical modifications of MnO 2 -based nanomaterials on the performance improvement of supercapacitors.…”

Scaling of quantum interference from single molecules to molecular cages and their monolayers

“…The molecular cages provide prototype systems with atomically well-defined structures to investigate the scaling effect of QI ( 25 – 33 ). The molecular cages are constructed with organic ligands having hundreds of atoms, which offer opportunities to study whether these QI effects can transfer from organic linkers to their assembled structures, including molecular cages and monolayers of cages.…”