Application of operando spectroscopy on catalytic reactions

Abstract

This mini-review summarizes the use of operando spectroscopy to investigate the dynamic structure of heterogeneous catalysts under working conditions. Following the background to the development of operando spectroscopy, we briefly reviewed the latest highlight on this subject. Then, two challenging but attention-grabbing techniques, i.e. operando techniques under the harsh conditions and the integration of operando techniques in a unit cell, were introduced. Likely, Operando techniques open up new vistas to explore reaction mechanisms and help us design the next generation industrial catalysts

Dynamically Operated Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in PtL-Part 1: System Response on Intermittent Feed

“…In operando-techniques might be appropriate to determine what happens to the catalyst bed if changes are applied quickly. While FTS conditions are quite challenging for such analysis, some applications were used in the past for similar processes [55,[81][82][83][84][85].…”

New aspects of operando Raman spectroscopy applied to electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu foams

“…The Journal of Chemical Physics ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/jcp bonding to the surface. [22][23][24][25][26][27] Operando SERS has the potential to probe molecules adsorbed on the surface with high sensitivity during the operation of the catalysts at various electrical potentials and electrolyte compositions. Copper electrodes are of high interest for CO 2 RR, 4,[28][29][30][31][32] and rough Cu surfaces are well-known for the surface enhancement of Raman intensities.…”

Operando Spectroscopic Study of Dynamic Structure of Iron Oxide Catalysts during CO2 Hydrogenation

“…In contrast, highera ctivities (R CO 2 of 49.95 and 44.39 mmolg Fe À1 h À1 )f or c-Fe 5 C 2 and q-Fe 3 Cw ere detected with ad istinct product distribution (Table S1), respectively.M ore specifically,f or q-Fe 3 C, the selectivity to C 2 -C 4 olefins and C 5 + were 4.58 and 21.04 %, respectively,w hile 28.8 In order to explore the origin of iron carbides, the structure evolution of a-Fe 2 O 3 and g-Fe 2 O 3 were determined using ORS-GC techniques under reactionc onditions. [27][28][29] The reference spectra of a-Fe 2 O 3 , g-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 were collected as well (FigureS4a nd Ta ble S2-S4). [27][28][29] The reference spectra of a-Fe 2 O 3 , g-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 were collected as well (FigureS4a nd Ta ble S2-S4).…”

“…ORS-GC, as tructuresensitivetechnique which can provide the finger-print information of framework vibrations, was employed to probe the structure evolution of a-Fe 2 O 3 and g-Fe 2 O 3 during activation and reaction. [27][28][29] The reference spectra of a-Fe 2 O 3 , g-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 were collected as well (FigureS4a nd Ta ble S2-S4). As as upplementary to Raman, the crystallographic information was also revealed by OXRD because metallici ron and iron carbides are inactive in Ramanspectroscopy.…”