Application of Outer Membrane Protein-Based Vaccines Against Major Bacterial Fish Pathogens in India

Abstract

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in the world. However, its growth is hampered by various disease problems due to infectious microorganisms, including Gram-negative bacteria in finfish aquaculture. Disease control in aquaculture by use of antibiotics is not recommended as it leads to antibiotic residues in the final product, selection, and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Therefore, focus is on disease prevention by vaccination. All Gram-negative bacteria possess surface-associated outer membrane proteins (OMPs), some of which have long been recognized as potential vaccine candidates. OMPs are essential for maintaining the integrity and selective permeability of the bacterial membrane and play a key role in adaptive responses of bacteria such as solute and ion uptake, iron acquisition, antimicrobial resistance, serum resistance, and bile salt resistance and some adhesins have virulence attributes. Antigenic diversity among bacterial strains even within the same bacterial species has constrained vaccine developments, but OMPs that are conserved across serotypes could be used as potential candidates in vaccine development, and several studies have demonstrated their efficacy and potential as vaccine candidates. In this review, we will look into the application of OMPs for the design of vaccines based on recombinant proteins, subunit vaccines, chimeric proteins, and DNA vaccines as new-generation vaccine candidates for major bacterial pathogens of fish for sustainable aquaculture.

Current status and advances of fish vaccines in Malaysia

“…Omp has long been recognized as a potential vaccine candidate in most Gram-negative bacteria, owning to its highly conserved region across serotypes and virulence attributes [99]. Besides, scholars reported the antigenic sites of OmpK and OmpW of V. alginolyticus consisting of 34 and 27 antigenic sites, respectively, and deemed suitable for vaccine candidates [57].…”

Computational Identification of the Plausible Molecular Vaccine Candidates of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica

“…Proteins were localized in extracellular matrix (3), cytoplasm (7), cytoplasmic membrane (3) and outer membranes (2), besides some of them being predicted with unknown cellular location (5). Of these, surface/outer membrane proteins and vesicles have been deployed for prospective vaccinations against bacterial pathogens [91][92][93][94]. Again, extracellular proteins have been potentiated as drugs for prospects against disease management, albeit, in a different scenario [95,96].…”

Immune responses and protective efficacy of outer membrane protein ExbB of Pseudomonas fluorescens against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens affecting Carassius auratus

“…Some OMPs can also contribute to the adhesion and colonization of bacteria in the host (Vaca et al 2020) and are important virulence factors of bacteria (Xu et al 2020). OMPs are in the outermost layer of bacteria (the epitope is exposed) and are easily recognized by the host immune defense system to stimulate the immune response (Maiti et al 2020). Previous studies have shown that outer membrane proteins A, C, F, and H have a better antigenicity and immunogenicity, activating the immune functions of animals (De Mot et al 1994;Pore and Chakrabarti 2013;Lee et al 2005;Diao et al 2020), and improved the resistance of animals to bacterial infection, having prospective applications in protein subunit vaccines.…”