Application of passive (SPATT) and active sampling methods in the profiling and monitoring of marine biotoxins

McCarthy, Moira; Pelt, Frank N.A.M. van; Bane, Vaishali; O’Halloran, John; Furey, Ambrose

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.005

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, many studies have successfully implemented passive sampling, using mainly the HP20 resin, to detect lipophilic toxins in different aquatic environments [31][32][33][34][35]. This technique has not yet proven to be useful as a monitoring tool for early warning of harmful algal blooms [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers

Zendong

McCarron

Herrenknecht

et al. 2015

Journal of Chromatography A

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Measurement of marine algal toxins has traditionally focussed on shellfish monitoring while, over the last decade, passive sampling has been introduced as a complementary tool for exploratory studies. Since 2011, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the EU reference method (No. 15/2011) for detection and quantitation of lipophilic toxins. Traditional LC-MS approaches have been based on low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), however, advances in instrument platforms have led to a heightened interest in the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for toxin detection. This work describes the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling as a progressive approach to marine algal toxin surveys. Experiments focused on comparison of LRMS and HRMS for determination of a broad range of toxins in shellfish and passive samplers. Matrix effects are an important issue to address in LC-MS; therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated for mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and passive samplers using LRMS (triple quadrupole) and HRMS (quadrupole time-of-flight and Orbitrap) instruments. Matrix-matched calibration solutions containing okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxin, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, domoic acid, pinnatoxins, gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were prepared. Similar matrix effects were observed on all instruments types. Most notably, there was ion enhancement for pectenotoxins, okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins on one hand, and ion suppression for yessotoxins on the other. Interestingly, the ion selected for quantitation of PTX2 also influenced the magnitude of matrix effects, with the sodium adduct typically exhibiting less susceptibility to matrix effects than the ammonium adduct. As expected, mussel as a biological matrix, quantitatively produced significantly more matrix effects than passive sampler extracts, irrespective of toxin. Sample dilution was demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce matrix effects for all compounds, and was found to be particularly useful for the non-targeted approach. Limits of detection and method accuracy were comparable between the systems tested, demonstrating the applicability of HRMS as an effective tool for screening and quantitative analysis. HRMS offers the advantage of untargeted analysis, meaning that datasets can be retrospectively analyzed. HRMS (full scan) chromatograms of passive samplers yielded significantly less complex data sets than mussels, and were thus more easily screened for unknowns. Consequently, we recommend the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling for studies investigating emerging or hitherto uncharacterized toxins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers

Zendong

McCarron

Herrenknecht

et al. 2015

Journal of Chromatography A

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“…SPATT sampling has been proven to be a sensitive method of detecting lipophilic marine toxins. It has also been assessed as a tool of monitoring marine biotoxins (Fux et al 2009;Fux et al 2008;Turrell et al 2007;McCarthy et al 2014). On the west coast of Ireland, OA, DTX2, PTX2, AZA1, AZA2, YTX and SPX13-DesMe-C were detected in the water.…”

Section: Relationship Between Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins In Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results for HP-20 resin showed significant differences in vertical toxin distribution of OA, DTX2, PTX2 and PTX2 SA (McCarthy et al 2014). SPATT was considered for use as an early warning system for PSP toxins (Rodríguez et al 2011), DSP toxins and azaspiracids (Turrell et al 2007).…”

Section: Relationship Between Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins In Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Lingshan Bay, Yellow Sea, China, using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT)

Guo

et al. 2016

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Early detection of toxin contamination in shellfish (i.e., prior to harvest) would be of considerable advantage to fish farmers, researchers and food safety administrators. In 2004, a solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) technique was developed to study algal toxins in New Zealand shellfish harvesting areas. In subsequent years, the basic idea have been further developed. Using a SPATT method, an investigation into diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) was conducted over a 10.5-month period in 2012 in shellfish farming areas in Lingshan Bay (Yellow Sea, China). This paper discusses the relationship among DSTs in toxic algae, seawater and contaminated shellfish. OA, DTX1 and PTX2 toxins were found in this shellfish farming area from summer to autumn. In shellfish the maximum concentrations of OA and DTX1 were 81 and 41 ng g(-1) respectively. PTX2 was very low. The maximum levels of OA and DTX1 in seawater were 165 and 56 ng g(-1) respectively, and were detected on June, separated by a 14-day period. Shellfish had accumulated the highest levels of OA and DTX1 recorded in this study. Comparison of the variations in DST levels in seawater showed there to be about 2 weeks for administrators to warn of the potential for toxin contamination in shellfish. Further research to explore the relationship between the variables of seawater temperature, sunlight and salinity, and DSTs in shellfish may help to establish a more suitable model for forecasting DST contamination in shellfish.

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“…The SPATT collects relatively clean sample matrix which simplifies subsequent extraction and analysis using ELISA or LC-MS. The results of SPATT in several field studies have been described [36,37], implying its potential for use as an early warning for the onset of algal blooms.…”

Section: New Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques For Algal Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins and Causative Harmful Algal Blooms

2014

J Environ Anal Chem

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The detection and monitoring techniques for algal toxins and the causative harmful algal blooms (HABs) are essential for the protection of aquatic lives, shellfish safety, drinking water quality, and public health. Toward the development of fast, easy, and reliable techniques, much progress has been made during the last decade for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of algal toxins. This review highlights the recent progress and new trends of these analytical and monitoring tools, ranging from in-situ quick screening protocols for the monitoring of algal blooms to mass spectrometric analysis of trace levels of various algal toxins and structural elucidation. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) deployed in the field for the passive sampling of algal toxins has been recently validated, and improved ELISA-based methods with lower detection limits for more toxins have become commercially available for both screening and routine monitoring purposes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with several recent mass spectrometric innovations has expanded our understanding of traditional toxins, their metabolites along with newly discovered toxins of ecological importance. Several established in vivo and in vitro bioassays will continue to be used as benchmark toxicological testing of algal toxins; however, newly emerged molecular probing techniques such as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have extended our ability to trace algal toxins from causative organisms at the molecular level. New chemical and biological sensors, lab-on-chip and remote sensing of blooms being developed will hold promise for early warning and routine monitoring to better manage and protect our freshwater, coastal and marine resources from adverse impact by harmful algal blooms.

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Application of passive (SPATT) and active sampling methods in the profiling and monitoring of marine biotoxins

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers

High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers

Investigation of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Lingshan Bay, Yellow Sea, China, using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT)

Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins and Causative Harmful Algal Blooms

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