Application of peptide biomarkers in life analysis based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technology

Abstract

Biomedicine is developing rapidly in the 21st century. Among them, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide biomarkers is of considerable importance for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases and the quality evaluation of drugs and food. The identification and quantitative analysis of peptides have been going on for decades. Traditionally, immunoassays or biological assays are generally used to quantify peptides in biological matrices. However, the selectivity and sensitivity of these methods cannot meet the requirements of the application. The separation and analysis technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) supplies a reliable alternative. In contrast to immunoassays, LC-MS methods are capable of providing the analytical prowess necessary to satisfy the demands of peptide biomarker research in the life sciences arena. This review article provides a historical account of the in-roads made by LC-MS technology for the detection of peptide biomarkers in the past 10 years, with the focus on the qualification/quantification developments and their applications.

Immunotherapy: cancer immunotherapy and its combination with nanomaterials and other therapies

“…Last, in clinical medical research, biomarkers are powerful tools for diagnosing diseases, discovering drugs and monitoring the therapeutic status of patients. 223 Biomarkers can not only identify and assess a patient's tumor-specific cellular immune response, but also predict and monitor a patient's response to immunotherapy. In addition, predictive biomarkers must be developed in parallel with clinical trials to inform which patients and in what order they can be used most effectively.…”

Screening and investigation of a short antimicrobial peptide: AVGAV

“…The molecular mass of a peptide can be detected by the mass spectrometer, which, in turn, determines the sequence. 14 (The corresponding detection conditions for HPLC: water/acetonitrile = 1/3, run time was 50 min, post run 2 min, and detection wavelength was 210 nm). Peptides with possible antimicrobial effects were selected by comparing the effects on HPLC signals via normal column packing and membrane chromatography packing.…”

“…MTT was dissolved using the cell culture solution, and then the 96-well plates with MTT solution were placed in the cell culture incubator for 4 h. 4-Dimethyl sulfoxide was then added to the 96-well plates, and the corresponding absorbance was measured using a multi-well plate reader with a test wavelength of 490 nm. The cell survival proportion can be analyzed according to the absorbance, 14,17 where a high absorbance in the test means a great survival of cells. When the absorbance of the experimental group is close to or higher than the negative control group, it indicates that the experimental group has no toxicity to cells.…”

Comparison of Peptidomes Extracted from Healthy Tissue, Tumour Tissue of the Parotid Glands and Saliva Samples

“…The peptidome -consisting of thousands of peptides: remnants of protein degradation; specific precursor-derived peptides such as hormones, cytokines, or growth factors; and translation products of small open reading frames (smORFs) [16] responds dynamically to changes in the body, providing a rich source of potential biomarkers. This results in the rapid expansion of peptidomics research observed in recent years [17,18], demonstrating characteristic peptidomic patterns of many diseases, including various types of cancer [19][20][21]. Furthermore, it has been shown that peptidomic analyses can detect statistically significant differences observed in bottom-up proteomics [22].…”