Application of Pharmacological Approaches to Plant–Mammal Interactions

Sorensen, Jennifer S.; Skopec, Michele M.; Dearing, M. Denise

doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9086-z

Cited by 42 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Studies in marsupials initiated a pharmacological perspective that has since provided a fertile area for new syntheses in both terrestrial and marine systems (Forbey and Foley 2009;Sotka et al 2009). A pharmacological perspective explicitly addresses details of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of PSMs (Sorensen et al 2006) and doing so requires an ability to sample blood and urine over a prolonged period.…”

Section: Limitations To Detoxificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of plant secondary metabolites on the interplay between the internal and external environments of marsupial folivores

et al. 2009

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Most woody plants contain a diverse array of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that deter vertebrate herbivores. However, mammalian folivores have evolved a complex of physiological and behavioural strategies to counter these compounds, leading to the development of an ''evolutionary arms race''. Marsupial folivores are ideal models to investigate the role of PSMs in the interaction between the external foraging environment and the digestive physiology of mammalian herbivores, as we have a very strong understanding of the diversity and modes of action of PSMs in Eucalyptus, as well as the mechanisms by which animals overcome the effects of these compounds. Studies of marsupial folivores have benefited from the facts that: these herbivores subsist on relatively poor quality diets; they include feeding types from specialist species such as the koala, to generalists; and life history factors such as maternal investment in reproduction can be measured more easily than in eutherians. Here, we describe patterns of spatial variation in the types and distributions of plant secondary metabolites in Australian forests and discuss how this variation influences foraging behaviour, habitat selection and life history strategies in arboreal, folivorous marsupials. We also provide a summary of our understanding of the mechanisms by which marsupials detect and regulate their intake of toxic compounds. While our examples are drawn largely from studies of the interaction between marsupials and Eucalyptus, this knowledge is applicable to advancing our understanding of interactions in plant-mammal systems more broadly. We also identify and discuss key areas that should be the focus of future research.

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Section: Limitations To Detoxificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of plant secondary metabolites on the interplay between the internal and external environments of marsupial folivores

et al. 2009

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“…There are far fewer studies of tolerance in marine herbivores, but the mechanisms of metabolic tolerance are similar (Sotka & Whalen 2008). In both terrestrial and marine herbivores, metabolic tolerance of lipophilic metabolites is commonly mediated by all or part of a 3-phase pathway involving cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, and ATP binding cassette transporters, in which the metabolites are made more hydrophilic and then isolated into vesicles or ex creted (reviewed by Karban & Agrawal 2002, Sorensen et al 2006, Després et al 2007, Sotka & Whalen 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance and sequestration of macroalgal chemical defenses by an Antarctic amphipod: a ‘cheater’ among mutualists

Amsler¹,

Amsler²,

Salm³

et al. 2013

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Shallow-water communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula support forests of large, mostly chemically defended macroalgae and dense assemblages of macroalgal-associated amphipods, which are thought to exist together in a community-wide mutualism. The amphipods benefit the chemically defended macrophytes by consuming epiphytic algae and in turn benefit from an associational refuge from fish predation. In the present study, we document an exception to this pattern. The amphipod Paradexamine fissicauda is able to consume Plocamium cartilagineum and Picconiella plumosa, 2 species of sympatric, chemically defended red macroalgae. In previous studies, Plocamium cartilagineum was one of the most strongly deterrent algae in the community to multiple consumers, and was found here to be unpalatable to 5 other amphipod species which utilize it as a host in nature. Paradexamine fissicauda maintained on a diet of Plocamium cartilagineum for 2 mo were much less likely to be eaten by fish than Paradexamine fissicauda maintained on a red alga which does not elaborate chemical defenses, or than a different but morphologically similar sympatric amphipod species. Halogenated secondary metabolites produced by Plocamium cartilagineum were identified from tissues of the Paradexamine fissicauda that had eaten it but not those which had eaten the undefended red alga. This indicates that P. fissicauda is sequestering the potent chemical defenses of Plocamium cartilagineum for its own use.

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“…Herbivores can reduce ingestion of PSCs through diet switching (Wiggins et al 2006a; Wiggins et al 2006b; Torregrossa et al 2009b) or caching (Dearing 1997; Torregrossa et al 2009a), but once consumed, any toxic PSCs must be metabolized and excreted efficiently to avoid toxic effects. Herbivores rely on a suite of biotransformation enzymes to metabolize absorbed PSCs (Sorensen et al 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many techniques used to understand the role of P450s in model species such as cloning, sequencing, functional assays, and X-ray crystallography require specialized equipment and knowledge. These approaches may not be easily adopted by ecologists interested in plant-mammal interactions (Balani et al 2005; Sorensen et al 2006). However, there are some pharmacological techniques, such as the use of P450 inhibitors, that are easily applicable to non-model systems and may provide excellent insights into the role of biotransformation in an animal’s ability to consume plants with potentially toxic PSCs (Fontana et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An In Vivo Assay for Elucidating the Importance of Cytochromes P450 for the Ability of a Wild Mammalian Herbivore (Neotoma lepida) to Consume Toxic Plants

Skopec

Malenke

Halpert

et al. 2013

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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An in vivo assay using the cytochrome P450 (P450) suicide inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 24 hour food intake was developed to determine the relative importance of P450s in two populations of Neotoma lepida with respect to biotransformation of plant secondary compounds (PSCs) in the animals’ natural diets. The efficacy of ABT as a P450 inhibitor was first validated using hypnotic state assays with and without pretreatment with ABT. Pretreatment with 100mg/kg ABT by gavage increased hexobarbital sleep times 3–4 fold in both populations, showing effective inhibition of P450s in woodrats. Next, the Great Basin population was fed a terpene-rich juniper diet, and the Mojave population was fed a phenolic-rich creosote diet, with rabbit chow serving as the control diet in each group. Treatment with ABT inhibited food intake in the Great Basin population fed the juniper diet to a greater extent (35%) than the Great Basin population fed the control diet (19%) or the Mojave population fed the creosote diet (16%). The food intake of the Mojave population fed the control diet was not significantly inhibited by ABT. The findings suggest that the biotransformation of terpenes in juniper relies more heavily on P450s than that of phenolics in creosote. This assay provides an inexpensive and non-invasive method to explore the relative importance of P450s in the biotransformation strategies of wild mammalian herbivores.

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Application of Pharmacological Approaches to Plant–Mammal Interactions

Cited by 42 publications

References 118 publications

The effect of plant secondary metabolites on the interplay between the internal and external environments of marsupial folivores

The effect of plant secondary metabolites on the interplay between the internal and external environments of marsupial folivores

Tolerance and sequestration of macroalgal chemical defenses by an Antarctic amphipod: a ‘cheater’ among mutualists

An In Vivo Assay for Elucidating the Importance of Cytochromes P450 for the Ability of a Wild Mammalian Herbivore (Neotoma lepida) to Consume Toxic Plants

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