Application of principal components analysis to 1H‐NMR data obtained from propolis samples of different geographical origin

Abstract

Propolis is a widely used natural remedy and a range of biological activities have been attributed to it. The chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and its quality is often controlled on the basis of one or two marker compounds. In order to progress towards a method for the quality control of this complex material, HPLC and 1H-NMR approaches as methods of quality control have been compared. HPLC analyses of 43 samples of propolis were carried out and six marker compounds were quantified in each sample. The same samples were analysed using 1H-NMR and the spectra were then converted into their first derivative forms and digitised using the software application MestRe-C. The digitised data were subjected to principal component analysis using the software application Simca-P. It was found that the chemical composition of propolis mapped well according to the geographical origins of the samples studied when the first three principal components were used to display them. In addition, each sample was assessed for anti-oxidant activity, and the results were then overlaid onto the sample groupings according to 1H-NMR data. It was observed that anti-oxidant properties also mapped quite well according to geographical origin.

Propolis and its direct and indirect hypoglycemic effect

“…[11] Moreover, it was observed that antioxidant properties mapped quite well according to geographical origin. [12]…”

Diels–Alder and Retro‐Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of (1,2,3,4,5‐Pentamethyl)cyclopentadiene to La@C2v‐C82: Regioselectivity and Product Stability

“…Propolis is a resinous hive product produced by honeybees from various plant sources. It is used in the hive to seal holes, smooth out the internal walls, and protect the entrance against intruders 1. The use of propolis as alternative food and medicine in many countries has increased in the last decades.…”

Use of HR‐NMR to classify propolis obtained using different harvesting methods

“…, 2002). In general, there have been several applications of NMR spectroscopy to propolis analysis (Watson et al. , 2006; Cuesta‐Rubio et al.…”

“…In recent years, the use of much higher magnetic fields and the greater sensitivity that they bring have stimulated interest in one-dimensional (1D) and bidimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy as a routine method for the analysis of complex mixtures (Fan, 1996;Charlton et al, 2002). In general, there have been several applications of NMR spectroscopy to propolis analysis (Watson et al, 2006;Cuesta-Rubio et al, 2007;Kumazawa et al, 2007); however the 1D and 2D NMR, to our knowledge, have never been previously applied to propolis in effort to classify samples according to the method of harvest.…”