Application of Raman microscopy to the characterization of different verdigris variants obtained using recipes from old treatises

Roja, José Manuel de la Roja de la; Baonza, Valentı́n G.; Andrés, Margarita San

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2007.06.053

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As expected, the variety of available recipes leads to certain differences concerning the chemical composition and physical properties (color, morphology and particle size) of the pigment obtained 15–19. With regard to the chemical composition, we can establish the following classification: neutral verdigris [Cu(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 ·H 2 O], basic verdigris [ x Cu(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 · y Cu(OH) 2 · n H 2 O] and the so‐called green salt [ x CuCl 2 · y Cu(OH) 2 · n H 2 O] 14, 16, 20.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Verdigris pigment: a mixture of compounds. Input from Raman spectroscopy

Andrés

Roja

Baonza

et al. 2010

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The reproduction of an old recipe to obtain the pigment known as verdigris leads to a complex mixture of hydrated copper(II) acetates containing neutral verdigris and two varieties of basic verdigris. Since the characterization of such mixture is complicated by the lack of reference standards, we complemented our Raman measurements with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments to perform our analysis, which has been compared with available studies. The spectral analysis allowed us to distinguish the different verdigris varieties, with stretching and bending wavenumbers assigned to the following chemical groups: OH groups (OH hydroxy and OH H2O ) (3600-3050 cm −1 ), Cu-O bonds (Cu-O and Cu-OH) (1000-450 cm −1 ) and those corresponding to the acetate group (CH 3 COO − ), i.e. (CH 3 : 3000-2850 cm −1 ) and (COO − : 1600-1400 cm −1 and 700-600 cm −1 ). Both wavenumbers and Raman intensities were used to quantify the relative compositions of the mixture components.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Verdigris pigment: a mixture of compounds. Input from Raman spectroscopy

Andrés

Roja

Baonza

et al. 2010

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The analyses for Cu and Cr were invariably negative. This allows us to exclude any pigments containing these two metals such as verdigris (a mixture of variably hydrated copper acetates) [35,36] or other copper-based greens such as atacamite or malachite [37,38].…”

Section: Green Colourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman microspectroscopic analysis of decorative pigments from the Roman villa of El Ruedo (Almedinilla, Spain)

Mateos

Cosano

Mora

et al. 2015

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectros

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“…When ammonium chloride is considered in the recipe, it is usual to find SEM-EDX patterns similar to the ones we found with Cu and Cl as the major elements. [43] The presence of Cl, referenced for fresh prepared verdigris [41] as well as for historical paintings, [42,44] was usually accompanied by the detection of atacamite by X-ray diffraction or Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, abundance of organic matter was also reported to occur together with particles composed of Cl and Cu in verdigris recipes containing urine and ammonium chloride.…”

Section: Red Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical study of polychromy on exterior sculpted stone

Campos-Suñol

Torre-López

Ayora‐Cañada

et al. 2009

J Raman Spectroscopy

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A complete study on the remnants of the polychromy in the main entrance portal of Saint Paul's church (16th century,Úbeda, Spain) has been carried out using Raman microspectroscopy in combination with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The polychromy in red areas showed the superposition of two well-defined pictorial layers. The first one (probably original) was composed of cinnabar, red lead and hematite over a preparation coating containing calcite, gypsum and lead white. The second red pictorial layer was mainly constituted by cinnabar and was over a thicker preparation coating. Green samples showed a single pictorial layer over the weathered stone. The high fluorescence background made the examination of the latter samples extremely difficult by means of Raman microspectroscopy. SEM-EDX detected abundance of copper and chlorine, and a detailed inspection of Raman spectra revealed the presence of a copper hydroxychloride, analogous to the naturally occurring mineral atacamite. Azurite remnants of the original polychromy were only found in the cracks of mortar joints. Alteration products like calcium and copper oxalates were also widely distributed in this layer.

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Application of Raman microscopy to the characterization of different verdigris variants obtained using recipes from old treatises

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Verdigris pigment: a mixture of compounds. Input from Raman spectroscopy

Verdigris pigment: a mixture of compounds. Input from Raman spectroscopy

Raman microspectroscopic analysis of decorative pigments from the Roman villa of El Ruedo (Almedinilla, Spain)

Analytical study of polychromy on exterior sculpted stone

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