Application of reactive extraction for the separation of pseudomonic acids: Influencing factors, interfacial mechanism, and process modelling

Abstract

Mupirocin (a mixture of A, B, C, and D pseudomonic acids-four complex, similar structures) is an antibiotic belonging to the monocarboxylic acid class, used to cure infections caused by bacteria (Gram-positive), especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its biotechnological production and separation need constant attention, as improving antibiotics is important in the pharmaceutical industry. This is the first study regarding pseudomonic acids separation through reactive extraction; the experiments were focused on finding a proper combination of extractant and diluent for optimization of the separation yield. The pH influence (4-9) and extractant (TOA and Amberlite LA-2, 5-20 g/L) concentration dissolved in n-heptane (green solvent) have been analyzed, obtaining the maximum extraction yield (88.78%) at pH 4, 20 g/L extractant, and 10% octanol added to the organic solvent. The addition of the phase modifier, 1-octanol, improved the extraction yield by 2.6 times for Pseudomonic acid A due to interactions of formed complexes with the phase modifier that improves its solubility. The experimental results for determining the mechanism of the interfacial reaction showed that, regardless of the pH value and solvent polarity (modified by the addition of 1-octanol), only one molecule of Pseudomonic acid A and extractant react at the aqueous-organic interface. In addition, the system was modelled and optimized with a methodology combining artificial neural networks (ANN) and differential evolution.

Gallic Acid Reactive Extraction with and without 1-Octanol as Phase Modifier: Experimental and Modeling

“…For reactive extraction of carboxylic acids during the intense mixture necessary for a good mass transfer, a third phase is formed-a stable emulsion very difficult to separate. The addition of a phase modifier, 1-octanol, prevents its formation, facilitating the organic and aqueous phase separation, and, it also increases the solvent polarity increasing the reactive extraction efficiency [23][24][25]. The results were discussed from the viewpoint of the extraction mechanism, separation yield and distribution coefficient, for different extraction conditions.…”

“…The first solvent, suitable for polar compounds, was chosen based on efficient reactive extraction obtained for other carboxylic acids (2-ketogluconic acid, formic acid, pseudomonic acid, acetic acid, etc. [23][24][25]27]), while the second one was chosen due to its green classification [28]. As a phase modifier, 1-octanol (dielectric constant 10.3 at 25 • C [26]) was added to the organic solution to increase the polarity of the solvent and to facilitate the phases separations (1-octanol prevents the formation of a third phase-a stable emulsion between the two phases).…”

Experimental, equilibrium modelling, and column design for the reactive separation of biomass‐derived 2‐furoic acid

“…Reactive extraction offers an avenue for process intensification owing to multiple advantages such as acid back‐extraction, recyclability of the utilized solvent, control over the liquid pH, and compatibility with integrating the electrochemical and bio‐route synthesis of carboxylic (2‐furoic) acid. [ 46,53–60 ] The outlined methodology (reactive extraction) streamlines the extraction cycle by reducing energy and material consumption, increasing separation selectivity, and subsequently lowering the overall product cost. [ 61 ]…”

Reactive Extraction of Gluconic Acid Using Trioctylamine in Different Diluents

“…Many studies in the literature have focused on the reactive extraction of various carboxylic acids such as propanoic acid [12], succinic acid [13], caproic acid [14], malic acid [15], and protocatechuic acid [3,9] from aqueous solutions, but very lim-Sivasankar Kakku 1 Shripal M. Gaikwad 2 Shashank Gaikwad 3, * Suyogkumar V. Taralkar 4 Sarath Babu Billa 5 Anand Gupta Chakinala 1 Nandana Chakinala 1, * -1 ited work was carried on the extraction of GA from aqueous solutions. Cascaval et al [17], have studied GA extraction with Amberlite LA-2 extractant in three different solvents, namely n-heptane, n-butyl acetate, and dichloromethane and reported a maximum distribution coefficient with n-heptane at pH 3. Further, they have also studied the extraction mechanism with Amberlite LA-2 and reported the formation of a 1:1 acid: extractant complex regardless of the solvent.…”