“…However, the parametric description of complex systems, such as large-scale, non-frontal, low-pressure tropical cyclones, is intrinsically difficult to determine. As an alternative approach to these models, data-driven methods such as multiple linear regression [26,46], decision tree, ANN [40,42,43,[47][48][49][50], and support vector machine [51,52] have been widely used for the prediction of storm surge heights. In most of studies where data-driven surrogate models are trained with physics-based simulations, such as ADCIRC [37,42,52], a major hurdle is the lack of sufficiently long datasets for training, validating and testing the surrogate models.…”