Application of Schmidt hammer relative age dating to Late Pleistocene moraines and rock glaciers in the Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia

Rock glaciers in the Western and High Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians

“…The mapping was also supported by field inspections in 2014, 2015 and 2016, during which c. 22 % of the mapped landforms, mostly located in the High Tatra Mts., were visited and their occurrence and delineation was verified. The survey was supported by previous literature reports and maps as well (Dzierżek & Nitychoruk, 1986;Kłapyta, 2008Kłapyta, , 2009Kłapyta, , 2010Kłapyta, , 2011Kłapyta, , 2012Kłapyta, , 2013aKłapyta, , 2013bKłapyta, , 2015Kłapyta & Kołaczek, 2009;Kotarba, 1988Kotarba, , 1991Kotarba, -1992Kotarba, , 2007Nemčok & Mahr, 1974;Zasadni & Kłapyta, 2016) that enable to extract precise information about the location of rock glaciers. However, we did not take over the literature information completely in all cases because the above mappings have emerged over several decades and had inconsistent data sources and mapping methodologies.…”

“…This imbalance began to equalize from 2004 when Kędzia, Kotarba, and Mościcki (2004) published their case study of a single rock glacier located near the Veľké Hincovo pleso Lake in the Slovak High Tatra Mts. and since then, a large amount of work related to rock glaciers has been carried out in both Slovak (Kłapyta, 2009(Kłapyta, , 2010(Kłapyta, , 2011(Kłapyta, , 2012(Kłapyta, , 2013a(Kłapyta, , 2013bPánek et al, 2015;Pánek et al, 2016;Zasadni & Kłapyta, 2014) and Polish territory (Kłapyta, 2008(Kłapyta, , 2013b(Kłapyta, , 2015Kłapyta & Kołaczek, 2009;Kotarba, 2007Kotarba, , 2013Makos, Rinterknecht, Braucher, Żarnowski, & Aster Team, 2016;Zasadni & Kłapyta, 2016) of the mountain ranges. In a surprising contrast, no rock glaciers have been reported in the regional overview of periglacial landforms occurring in the Western and High Tatra Mts.…”

“…Most rock glaciers in the region are thought to be relict landforms (Kędzia, 2014) of the Late Glacial or the early Holocene age (e.g. Kaszowski et al, 1988;Kłapyta, 2011Kłapyta, , 2013aKotarba, 1988Kotarba, , 2007.…”

Schmidt‐hammer exposure‐age dating (SHD) of snow‐avalanche impact ramparts in southern Norway: approaches, results and implications for landform age, dynamics and development

“…This has involved the progressive development of high‐precision techniques, which produce calibrated‐age dates with statistical confidence intervals. In the context of depositional landforms, the potential of SHD can be most clearly seen in the dating of surface boulders that were deposited at one time producing synchronous land surfaces of uniform age, such as moraine ridges (Evans et al ., ; Winkler, , ; Matthews and Winkler, ; Kłapyta, ; Ffoulkes and Harrison, ), river terraces (Stahl et al ., ), flood berms (Matthews and McEwen, ) and beach ridges (Shakesby et al ., ). However, the technique has also been applied to the relatively unstable surfaces of rock glaciers (Kellerer‐Pirklbauer, ; Kellerer‐Pirklbauer et al ., ; Rode and Kellerer‐Pirklbauer, ; Matthews et al ., ), reworked boulders associated with ice‐cored moraines (Matthews et al ., ), and active pronival ramparts subject to episodic boulder deposition (Matthews et al ., ).…”

The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum

“…Small scale, schematic paleoglaciological maps depicting the extent of glaciers found throughout the entire Tatras were published by Klimaszewski (1960Klimaszewski ( , 1965, Lukniš (1964) and Lindner, Dzierżek, Marciniak, and Nitychoruk (2003). Geomorphic records of glaciations were also presented in detail for individual glaciated valley systems: Lukniš (1955), Mazúr (1955), Zatko (1961), Kotarba (1997, 2001), Nowacki (2006) and Kłapyta (2013) (Figure 3). Previous reconstructions of ice-surface geometry of LGM glaciers were carried out only for the Mała Ła˛ka glacier (Ga˛dek, 1998) and Białka and Sucha Woda glaciers (Makos & Nitychoruk, 2011) in the Polish Tatras.…”