Application of CRISPR‐Cas9 technology in diabetes research

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic disorder with rapidly increasing prevalence that is a major global issue of our current era. There are two major types of diabetes. Polygenic forms of diabetes include type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its monogenic forms are maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). There are no permanent therapeutic approaches for diabetes and current therapies rely on regular administration of various drugs or insulin injection. Recently, gene editing strategies have offered new promise for treating genetic disorders. Targeted genome editing is a fast‐growing technology, recruiting programmable nucleases to specifically modify target genomic sequences. These targeted nucleases generate double‐strand breaks at target regions in the genome, which induce cellular repair pathways including non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology‐directed repair (HDR). Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) is a novel gene‐editing system, permitting precise genome modification. CRISPR/Cas9 has great potential for various applications in diabetic research such as gene screening, generation of diabetic animal models and treatment. In this article, gene‐editing strategies are summarized with a focus on the CRISPR/Cas9 approach in diabetes research.

Optimizing Blood Glucose Regulation in Type 1 Diabetes Patients via Genetic Algorithm-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller Considering Substantial Meal Protocol

“…• In the segment regarding the influence of insulin, it is notable that the subsystem incorporates three distinct effects of insulin on glucose dynamics, which are encapsulated by equations ( 7), (8), and (9). Furthermore, within this subsystem, the modelling extends to encompass the intricacies of insulin uptake rates in both the slow and fast channels within the subcutaneous layer, a representation achieved through equations ( 10), ( 11), (12), and (13).…”

“…It is categorized into two primary types: Type 1 and Type 2 [4,5]. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic β-cells responsible for insulin regulation are progressively destroyed, rendering precise blood glucose management elusive [6][7][8][9]. Even in Type 2 diabetes, in which some insulin remains in the patient's body, challenges persist because of the inadequacy of insulin for effective glucose control [10].…”

Advancement of animal and poultry nutrition: Harnessing the power of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology

“…For example, CRISPR-Cas 9 is an affordable method of treating avian viral infections in poultry by modifying the host or virus’s DNA [ 11 ], and it has a therapeutic role in neurological disorders [ 12 ]. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas 9 has more potential in various aspects of diabetes research [ 13 ] and the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [ 14 ]. Additionally, therapeutic uses of this technology include the treatment of congenital heart disease, the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury, hyperlipidemias, and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies [ 15 ].…”