Application of seawater dilution process to SWRO filtration system for low-energy desalination

Performance evaluation of two-stage spiral wound forward osmosis elements at various operation conditions

“…In most membrane processes, multi-stack elements are used for water treatment and desalination [11,16,28]. Therefore, we need to study element scales and array types in detail.…”

Life cycle cost of dilution desalination in off-grid locations: A study of water reuse integrated with seawater desalination technology

“…The recovery of the system in the integrated UF-to-RO configuration has a significant impact on the operational maintenance and TWC. Due to the implications of the wastewater and seawater in a mixed dilution of seawater, the organic carbon, turbidity and fouling index of the system increase, and fouling is inevitable (Lim et al, 2015). Subsequently, the recovery of the UF membrane decreases from the nominal 85-95% (Bu et al, 2019) to 55-65%.…”

“…Though, similarly to RO, in UF as a hydraulic pressure membrane, fouling has a major effect on flux decline, which leads to higher operating and maintenance costs for frequent membrane cleaning (Shi et al, 2014). Nevertheless, the UF-RO process has been technically evaluated in previous studies, and the results reveal a promising application which benefits from the potential economic advantages of a reduction in energy consumption (Cheon et al, 2012;Lim et al, 2015). To date, seawater dilution studies have focused more on the implementation of advanced membrane desalination for the effluence of low-energy consumption in existing SWRO desalination.…”