Application of single drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of fluoroquinolones in human urine by capillary electrophoresis

Trace analysis of three antihistamines in human urine by on-line single drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic study

“…To maintain the shape of the microdrop influenced by siphonage effect, the outlet was lower by 1 cm than the inlet. Moreover, prior to extraction, 1 cm of polyimide coating was removed from the inlet of capillary to prevent the drop from creeping up along the capillary outer wall [16]. Under stirring rate of 550 rpm, the analytes were extracted into the acceptor phase from the noctanol (Fig.…”

“…However, most of the SD-LLLME-CE methods were off-line, where analytes were firstly extracted into an organic phase, and then into a droplet of acceptor phase. Finally, the droplet was transferred to a sample vial for injection and CE analysis [16]. The methods of SD-LLLME-CE in on-line mode were also reported, where a thin layer of organic solvent was used to separate a drop of aqueous acceptor phase at the capillary inlet from a bulk of aqueous donor phase [17].…”

In-tube magnetic solid phase microextraction of some fluoroquinolones based on the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles packed tube

“…Therefore, determination of fluoroquinolones in water and also in biological fluids has found importance. Several analytical methods such as magnetic solid phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography [2], single drop liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction-capillary electrophoresis [3], high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [4], solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [5], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography [6], ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [7], online solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry [8], laser induced fluorescence coupled to capillary electrophoresis [9], supported liquid membrane extraction with single hollow fiberliquid chromatography [10], spectrofluorimetric method [11], and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry [12] have been introduced for the determination of fluoroquinolones. However, determination of fluoroquinolones in water and biological fluids such as plasma and urine is still a very challenging task.…”

In‐line coupled single drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction with capillary electrophoresis for determining fluoroquinolones in water samples

“…In this work, two fluoroquinolones, enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are proposed as target analytes to demonstrate the performance of a SD‐LLLME coupled in‐line with CE, taking into account the extraction procedure developed by Gao et al. . ENR is widely used in veterinary practices and its main metabolite CIP is commonly applied in human medicine.…”