“…Different soil amendments, such as compost and biochar, have been suggested for optimal vegetable production by various researchers (Abdrabbo et al, 2015; Cataldo et al, 2021; Laghari et al, 2016; Şeker & Manirakiza, 2020; Widowati et al, 2020). Organic fertilizers such as compost and hoof and horn (HH) meal serve as sources of soil nutrients for plants (Carla et al, 2016; da Silva et al, 2019; Oluwafisayo & Olusegun, 2023; Papafilippaki et al, 2015). In addition, soil conditioners such as zeolite, biochar and hydrogel polymers can improve nutrient retention and holding capacities and cation exchange capacity (CEC) (Aainaa et al, 2018; Agegnehu et al, 2016; Chen et al, 2017; McDonald et al, 2019; Mondal et al, 2021; Oladosu et al, 2022; Zheng et al, 2018) and regulate the pH of sandy soils (Faloye et al, 2019; Hossain et al, 2020), leading to improved crop production (Akolgo et al, 2020; Nurhidayati et al, 2016; Šimansky et al, 2021).…”