Application of sperm antigens in immunocontraception

Abstract

Development of a vaccine(s) based on sperm antigens represents a promising approach for contraception. The utility of an antigen in immunocontraception is contingent upon its tissue specificity, involvement in human fertility, and immunogenicity. A number of antigens have been characterized from the sperm surface. Notable among these are LDH-C4, RSA antigens, PH-20, SP 1U, HSA-63, FA-1, FA-2 and CS-1. These antigens have been proposed as potential candidates for the development of contraceptive vaccine(s). Their current status, application, relative merits, and immunogenicity in immunocontraception are discussed in this review.

Immunocontraception stimulation advantages versus other fertility control methods

“…The mature sperm cannot be used in the production of anti-fertility vaccine, because its antigens are presented in the form of intrinsic and also because the surface of sperm is coated with different somatic cells. [10] Sperm proteins especially those that are produced in the end stages of spermatogenesis and are involved in immune infertility are considered as strong immunogens. [10] Immunization with mature sperm significantly reduced fertility in female as compared with possum male.…”

“…[10] Sperm proteins especially those that are produced in the end stages of spermatogenesis and are involved in immune infertility are considered as strong immunogens. [10] Immunization with mature sperm significantly reduced fertility in female as compared with possum male. Males remained fertile despite the existence of layers of anti-sperm.…”

“…There should be a high level of antibodies in genital ducts secretions in the form of local in order to be effective. [10] An oral vaccine as a single form or combining with one systemic vaccine is a suitable approach for production of contraceptive vaccine in women. [10] The ultimate goal of immunocontraception by gamete is to find one specific antigen for gamete that can be targeted immunologically in infertility.…”

“…[1] Other antibodies against antigens include the following: Fertilization Antigen-1(FA-1) -which function by restraining sperm junction to zona plocida [9] , Testis Specific Antigen-1(TSA-1) -which function by restraining biological role in sperm junction with egg and restraining acrosomes and capacitation reaction, S-19 antigen -which function through gamete agglutination, Sperm Protein-15(SP-15) antigen -which function by disarranging sperm-egg operation, [10] Plasmamembrane Hyaloronidase-20 (PH-20) antigen -which function through disordering sperm adherence to zona, [10] and BS-17 antibody -which function against antigen through sperm capacitation restrain [11] are involved in fertility reduction. Other antibodies against antigens include the following: Sperm Agglutination Antigen-1(SAGA-1), Glico form Sperm CD-52 antigen, HAS-63 antigen, [10] lactate dehydrogenase C4 isoenzyme antigen, [10] NZ-2, NZ-1 antigen, [9] Cleavage Signal protein (CS-1), [10] Sperm Protein-17 (SP-17) antigen, [16] r-SMP-B protein antigen, Fertilization Antigen-2 (FA-2) antigen, [10] and YWK-11 antigen. [17] Anti-sperm antibody operation pathophysiology in infertility mediation Infertility mechanism by anti-sperm antibody by mature sperm is not recognized yet.…”

IN VITRO FERTILITY TEST OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA MEMBRANE PROTEIN FERTILIN BETA ANTIBODY IN MICE (Mus musculus Balb/c) AS IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVE CANDIDATE

“…I'tishom et al (2013), has succeeded in isolating and characterizing protein beta fertilin membrane of human spermatozoa. Naz (1996), states spermatozoa development as a vaccine antigen in immuno-contraception based on two reasons: 1) immunization in animals female and male animals, and in humans with mature spermatozoa resulting in infertility. Infertility is caused by the death of preimplantation embryo, and 2) the occurrence of spontaneous infertility (70% of men with vasectomy develop antibodies to spermatozoa in both men and women).…”