Application of standard cell cultures and 3D in vitro tissue models as an effective tool in drug design and development

Abstract

Cell culture systems are essential tools used in a wide range of biomedical and clinical studies. Two dimensional cell culture models (2D) provide basic information on cytotoxicity, penetration and accumulation of drugs in cells and they are of outmost importance when selecting new compounds of the desired biopharmaceutical properties as candidates for novel drugs. The improvement over 2D growing cells are three dimensional (3D) tissue models that mimic in vivo conditions and the functions of living tissue more accurately. These models reduce the cost of drug development, enable more efficient drug screening, minimise failure rate in medicine discovery and eliminate animal use during experiments. The article provides an overview of 2D cell cultures and 3D tissue models - their properties, basic procedures, conditions of culturing and applications.

Gel with silver and ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles produced with Amanita muscaria extract: physicochemical characterization, microstructure analysis and anticancer properties

“…In our study, 2D cell culture model was used to provide basic information on cytotoxicity, penetration and accumulation of NPs in cells, whereas 3D cell cultures were used to obtain more accurate information about NPs behavior in living tissue 41,42 .…”

“…Morphologically, the spheroids composed from cells with different phenotypes which are in the quiescence phase of the cell cycle, from necrotic cells in the center to dividing cells in the surface layers. Difference in 2D and 3D cytoarchitecture resulted in different gene expression that can fundamentally change cell behavior 41,42 . As known, data obtained using traditional 2D cell cultures in vitro poorly predict in vivo results 44–46 .…”

Generation of full‐thickness skin equivalents using hair follicle‐derived primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts

“…The increasing recognition that animal models often provide low predictive power for the human situation has further promoted the development of organ models (Leist & Hartung, ; Perrin, ; Seok et al, ). Significant progress has also been made in the development of human‐based skin equivalents (Amelian, Wasilewska, Megias, & Winnicka, ; Ramata‐Stunda, Boroduskis, Vorobjeva, & Ancans, ). These can be broadly characterised as either epidermal or full‐thickness (FT) skin equivalents.…”

Human skin models: From healthy to disease‐mimetic systems; characteristics and applications

“…Furthermore, fibroblasts are important for the growth of keratinocyte cultures, specifically by the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen (Rheinwald & Green, 1975). The 2D models have been successfully used (Amelian, Wasilewska, Megias, & Winnicka, 2017;Ponec, 1992) (Sarkiri et al, 2019). The incorporation of melanocytes (Min et al, 2018), adipocytes (Klar, Zimoch, & Biedermann, 2017), and endothelial cells (Dai et al, 2018) in 3D models has already been reported.…”

“…The assessment of drug effects on skin disease is clearly essential but the availability of excised human diseased skin is limited, mainly due to the increasing regulatory restrictions on the use of animals and humans. cutaneous wounds, and skin cancer (melanoma) (Abd et al, 2016;Amelian et al, 2017;Randall et al, 2018;Yun et al, 2018).…”