'game' the system, and universities will seek to avoid making submissions in weaker areas. The ERA then uses several measures to rate quality across a set of variables within each FoR, including research income, commercialisation, esteem measures (e.g. academy fellowships), and especially citations (the number of times a publication is cited in others). In the science FoR, where the environmental field sits, journal citations are the key. The more often a peer-reviewed journal article is cited by others around the world, the more significant and useful it is judged to be. The very sharp point of the ERA is the assignment of a 1-5 rating of quality, where 3 is 'world standard', 1 is seriously substandard and 5 is 'well above world standard'. These ratings can delight and greatly assist a university in a given discipline (that is, getting a 5), or hurt them badly (that is, getting a 1). 'World standard' is possibly a misnomer and 'world average' is more accurate since the citation ratings show where a citation rate is in relation to world average for a discipline (FoR). A 3 is indeed a world average citation rate. This underlines the absurdity of some universities boasting of being 'world standard' since what it really says is they are mediocre, although 'world standard' does sound much better! We should take these indicators seriously, as a measure of Australia's capacity to confront future challenges and embrace opportunities. Before looking at our capacity to confront the environment and sustainability challenges of the future via FoR Environmental Science and