Application of TGA/c-DTA for Distinguishing between Two Forms of Naproxen in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Abstract

Naproxen is one of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is used to treat pain of various origins, inflammation and fever. Pharmaceutical preparations containing naproxen are available with prescription and over-the-counter (OTC). Naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations is used in the form of acid and sodium salt. From the point of view of pharmaceutical analysis, it is crucial to distinguish between these two forms of drugs. There are many costly and laborious methods to do this. Therefore, new, faster, cheaper and, at the same time, simple-to-perform identification methods are sought. In the conducted studies, thermal methods such as thermogravimetry (TGA) supported by calculated differential thermal analysis (c-DTA) were proposed to identify the type of naproxen in commercially available pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, the thermal methods used were compared with pharmacopoeial methods for the identification of compounds, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and a simple colorimetric analyses. In addition, using nabumetone, a close structural analog of naproxen, the specificity of the TGA and c-DTA methods was assessed. Studies have shown that the thermal analyses used are effective and selective in distinguishing the form of naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations. This indicates the potential possibility of using TGA supported by c-DTA as an alternative method.

Important role of pore‐filling mechanism in separating naproxen from water by micro‐mesoporous carbonaceous material

“…Another desorption method (physical method) was applied by using the carbonization of naproxen-laden MCM at 200 and 400 C. In the literature, the onset (starting thermal degradation or decomposition) and endset (ending thermal degradation) temperatures of naproxen (determined by thermogravimetry analysis) were 255 and 308 C (Ramos et al, 2023). Similarly, Tang et al (2023) concluded that the endset temperature of naproxen was 306 C. Therefore, the carbonization temperature used in this desorption study was 200 C (lower than the endset or offset temperature of naproxen) and 400 C (higher than its endset).…”

Skin Tolerability of Oleic Acid Based Nanovesicles Designed for the Improvement of Icariin and Naproxen Percutaneous Permeation

“…While the skin is the first barrier of the organism against pathogens and external insults, it is subject to several disorders, and during the past few years the scientific community focused its attention on the use of natural compounds, , with or without delivery by nanocarriers, as an alternative treatment to synthetic drugs. Among the different natural products that are currently used to treat dermatological diseases, Herba Epimedii, an herbaceous species, has been extensively used for many years by traditional Chinese medicine to treat different pathologies, including neurological and erectile dysfunctions, osteoporosis, and cardiac diseases. − Icariin (Ica) is the main flavonoid extracted from this plant, and it acts as a modulator of inflammation, also providing antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. − Moreover, in vivo studies showed that Ica seems to promote wound healing through reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. , Although phytotherapeutics are efficacious per se , many research groups demonstrated that the combination between synthetic and plant-derived payloads can increase their therapeutic effects. , In this regard, naproxen (Npx) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), commercially available as a sodium derivative but also loaded into many carriers, such as microemulsions, nanoemulsions, gels, and nanocarriers, to improve its percutaneous permeation. , …”