Application of the 3Rs principles in the development of pharmaceutical generics

Vichare, Abhijit S.; Kamath, Sushant U.; Leist, Marcel; Hayes, A. Wallace; Mahadevan, B

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105016

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Fungal diseases are associated with high mortality rates, and instances of resistant strains are on the rise [ 7 ]. Furthermore, research focusing on the pathophysiology of fungal infections needs further exploration to identify new therapeutic targets and develop novel classes of antifungal drugs [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, many countries have enacted legislation to curtail mammalian usage in specific sectors, including animal experimentation, thereby intensifying the scrutiny of these methodologies. The 3 Rs principle (replacement, reduction, and refinement) has been incorporated into legislation and animal experimentation guidelines across numerous countries [ 8 , 11 ]. These principles advocate replacing research animals with systems and strategies that yield more robust and dependable data [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 3 Rs principle (replacement, reduction, and refinement) has been incorporated into legislation and animal experimentation guidelines across numerous countries [ 8 , 11 ]. These principles advocate replacing research animals with systems and strategies that yield more robust and dependable data [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative Non-Mammalian Animal and Cellular Methods for the Study of Host–Fungal Interactions

Fusco-Almeida,

de Matos Silva,

dos Santos

et al. 2023

JoF

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In the study of fungal pathogenesis, alternative methods have gained prominence due to recent global legislation restricting the use of mammalian animals in research. The principle of the 3 Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) is integrated into regulations and guidelines governing animal experimentation in nearly all countries. This principle advocates substituting vertebrate animals with other invertebrate organisms, embryos, microorganisms, or cell cultures. This review addresses host–fungus interactions by employing three-dimensional (3D) cultures, which offer more faithful replication of the in vivo environment, and by utilizing alternative animal models to replace traditional mammals. Among these alternative models, species like Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio share approximately 75% of their genes with humans. Furthermore, models such as Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor demonstrate similarities in their innate immune systems as well as anatomical and physiological barriers, resembling those found in mammalian organisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%