Application of the Anammox in China—A Review

Wen, Ruolan; Jin, Yanchao; Zhang, Wenjie

doi:10.3390/ijerph17031090

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Since the first anammox‐based WWTP in Rotterdam commenced operation in 2002, the number of such plants has grown to over 100 worldwide and the number is still increasing. [ 65–68 ] Thus, material from such plants is becoming more and more accessible for research purposes. DEMON granules are usually dense, with an anaerobic core containing the anammox bacteria and a micro‐aerobic outer layer in which the aerobic ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) reside.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification of the key enzyme complexes of the anammox pathway from DEMON sludge

et al. 2021

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Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (“anammox”) is a bacterial process in which nitrite and ammonium are converted into nitrogen gas and water, yielding energy for the cell. Anammox is an important branch of the global biological nitrogen cycle, being responsible for up to 50% of the yearly nitrogen removal from the oceans. Strikingly, the anammox process uniquely relies on the extremely reactive and toxic compound hydrazine as a free intermediate. Given its global importance and biochemical novelty, there is considerable interest in the enzymes at the heart of the anammox pathway. Unfortunately, obtaining these enzymes in sufficiently large amounts for biochemical and structural studies is problematic, given the slow growth of pure cultures of anammox bacteria when high cell densities are required. However, the anammox process is being applied in wastewater treatment to remove nitrogenous waste in processes like DEamMONification (DEMON). In plants using such processes, which rely on a combination of aerobic ammonia‐oxidizers and anammox organisms, kilogram amounts of anammox bacteria‐containing sludge are readily available. Here, we report a protein isolation protocol starting from anammox cells present in DEMON sludge from a wastewater treatment plan that readily yields pure preparations of key anammox proteins in the tens of milligrams, including hydrazine synthase HZS and hydrazine dehydrogenase (HDH), as well as hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). HDH and HAO were active and of sufficient quality for biochemical studies and for HAO, the crystal structure could be determined. The method presented here provides a viable way to obtain materials for the study of proteins not only from the central anammox metabolism but also for the study of other exciting aspects of anammox bacteria, such as for example, their unusual ladderane lipids.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification of the key enzyme complexes of the anammox pathway from DEMON sludge

et al. 2021

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“…However, regardless of the processes adopted, biological nitrogen removal is achieved through aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification. In the aerobic stage, sufficient oxygen is required for NH 4 + -N nitrification, resulting in high energy consumption [2]. Further, in the anoxic stage, an adequate organic carbon source is needed to meet the denitrification demand [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, in the anoxic stage, an adequate organic carbon source is needed to meet the denitrification demand [3]. With the continuous societal development and progress, China's focus on energy conservation and environmental protection is increasing, and the limitations of traditional nitrification/denitrification processes are becoming increasingly clear [4]. Therefore, it is particularly urgent for China, with a population of 1.4 billion, to develop a new, efficient, and energy-saving domestic sewage treatment process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its development in the Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology (Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands) in 1995, ANAMMOX has been a focus of research in the field of water treatment [5]. It involves the conversion of NH 4 + -N and NO 2 − -N into N 2 by ANNAMOX bacteria under anaerobic or anoxic conditions [6][7][8]. As a new type of wastewater nitrogen removal process [9,10], ANAMMOX has high nitrogen removal efficiency, requires no additional organic carbon source [11], has a high load, low excess sludge output and low operating costs [8,12], and clear advantages over traditional nitrification/ denitrification technologies [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic Sewage Treatment Using a One-Stage ANAMMOX Process

Yuan

Jin

Zhang

2020

IJERPH

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A one-stage anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor can be quickly started within 40 days by mixing partial nitrifying sludge with ANAMMOX granular sludge with an average temperature of 30 °C. After 70 days of nitrogen load acclimation, Acinetobacter, including Candidatus Kuenenia, became the dominant strain of the system within the reactor, which exhibited high efficiency and a stable nitrogen removal performance. At an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N content, total nitrogen (TN) content, hydraulic retention time (HRT), temperature, and reactor dissolved oxygen (DO) content of 100, 60, and 70 mg/L, 6 h, 30 ± 1 °C, and below 0.6 mg/L, respectively, the one-stage ANAMMOX reactor could effectively treat domestic sewage on campus. The removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, and TN were approximately 89%, 96.7%, and 70%, respectively.

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“…Due to the long generation cycle of anammox (approximately 10 -1 4 days at 30-40 C) , it is sensitive to environmental factors and has a long start-up time. Therefore, the anammox process has been greatly limited in the practical application process (Wen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid start-up of anammox reactor using granular sludge supported on activated carbon

2020

Global NEST: The International Journal

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<p>The long start-up time and high demand of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) limit the practical applications of the anammox process. In this study, granular sludge supported on activated carbon (AC) was used as seed sludge. The start-up time of the reactor was substantially shortened, and the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor could be started quickly (in only 17 days). The nitrogen load rate (NLR) increased from 0.61 kg m-3 d-1 to 1.19 kg m-3 d-1, the removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) increased from 78.04% to83.15%, and the final ratio NH4+: NO2-: NO3- was 1:1.33:0.30. Moreover, in the gas analysis phase, the reactor load could be further improved and increased to 1.70 kg m-3 d-1 from the 18th–22nd day, and the reactor run stably. During this period, N2O and CO2 production was 0.8% and 0.02%, respectively. According to the analysis of microorganisms, the main functional microorganism in the reactor was Candidatus Kuenenia. The content of Candidatus Kuenenia increased by 5.45% after the reactor was started successfully. The color of sludge was brick red. This showed that the operation mode and inoculated sludge employed in this study are highly effective for the fast start-up of an EGSB reactor.</p>

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Application of the Anammox in China—A Review

Cited by 41 publications

References 86 publications

Purification of the key enzyme complexes of the anammox pathway from DEMON sludge

Purification of the key enzyme complexes of the anammox pathway from DEMON sludge

Domestic Sewage Treatment Using a One-Stage ANAMMOX Process

Rapid start-up of anammox reactor using granular sludge supported on activated carbon

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