Application of the central composite design approach for optimization of the nanosilver formula using a natural bioreductor from Camellia sinensis L. extract

Abstract

In recent years, the interest in applying the nanosilver technology in the medical field has increased due to its benefit for microbial inactivation. A natural bioreductor was chosen and developed in the nanosilver formulation to minimize the toxicity effects. The content of rutin makes it possible to develop an alternative bioreductor agent using black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves extract. The aim of this research was to optimize the nanosilver formula consisting of black tea leaf extract and AgNO 3 with the employment of central composite design. The visible absorption wavelength and transmittance percentage were observed as dependent variables. The presence of rutin in the black tea leaves extract was proved using the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique. It was found that the extract concentration of 2.131% (m/v) and the AgNO 3 concentration of 1.379 mM were stated as the computational recommendation resulting from the predictive model with a composite desirability value at 0.998. These optimum conditions were applied in the synthesis of six nanosilver formula replications and resulted in the percentage of a prediction relative error of absorption wavelength and transmittance which were in the ranges of 1.18%-9.18% and 2.72%-8.64%, respectively. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values of absorption wavelength and transmittance were 2.81% and 2.21%, respectively. The Z-average of the nanosilver particles was 124.8 nm.

Novel Quercetin Nanoemulgel Optimization: Gelling Agents Evaluation and the Application of Response Surface Methodology

“…Chemometrics techniques of principal component analysis and response surface methodology were successfully applied to config. the gelling agent profiles and to optimize the formula of QUE nanoemulgel [24]. In terms of quality target of product profile, the QUE nanoemulsions show excellent transparency indicating well solubilization of QUE [25], whereas the QUE nanoemulgels are white-yellowish in color, homogenous, relatively semisolid in consistency and are easy to apply.…”

Sintesis nanopartikel perak dengan Punica granatum L. dan uji aktivitasnya pada Staphylococcus aureus dan Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

“…Filtrat diambil sebanyak 5 mL dan ditambahkan akuades hingga 100 mL sehingga menjadi konsentrasi 5% (v/v) yang digunakan sebagai ekstrak uji. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang terlalu rendah dapat mengakibatkan rendemen AgNP yang terbentuk tidak optimal akan tetapi apabila terlalu tinggi dapat berakibat tidak stabilnya bentuk dan ukuran nanopartikel yang dihasilkan (Dwiastuti et al, 2022). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak 5% (v/v) kulit buah delima.…”