Application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran

Edrissian, Gh.H.; Darabian, P.; Zovein, Z.; Seyedi-rashti, M. A.; Nadim, A

doi:10.1080/00034983.1981.11687403

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…From the standpoint of diagnostics, the most commonly used serologic tests for kala-azar utilize indirect immunofluorescence (23,24) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (24,25). Both show high sensitivity but lack specificity, exhibiting cross-reactivity for trypanosomes and mycobacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

Lepay¹,

Nogueira²,

Cohn³

1983

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Surface antigen profiles of Leishmania donovani promastigote isolates have been studied. Surface patterns of Brazilian and African isolates display remarkable similarities and are extremely simple, consisting of three major peptides of 65,000, 25,000, and 23,000 mol wt. Surface iodination and biosynthetic labeling coupled to immunoprecipitation techniques revealed that a single major determinant of 65,000 mol wt is recognized in all strains by sera from kala-azar patients from both Brazil and Africa. This major determinant is not brought down by sera from normal individuals and shows no significant cross-reactivity with sera from Chagas' disease, leprosy, or syphilis patients. Binding to concanavalin A suggests a glycoprotein nature for this antigen. Sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. braziliensis) also recognized the same 65,000-mol wt determinant, although to a lesser extent. The possibility that this major surface antigen is shared, with minor differences, not only by L. donovani strains but between Leishmania species in general is suggested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

Lepay¹,

Nogueira²,

Cohn³

1983

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…The most frequently reported cross-reactions occur in areas where diseases such as Chagas' disease and African trypanosomiasis co-exist with kala-azar. 17,18 As these two diseases do not occur in Yemen, this was not a problem in our setting, but crossreactions from cutaneous leishmaniasis 19,20 can affect specificity, In spite of some reports of cross-reaction of anti-leishmania antibodies with malaria, TB, and Hansen's disease, [18][19][20][21][22] Choudhry at al. did not observe any such cross-reactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that there is an antigenic cross-reaction, but at a low titer, less than 1:200 with malaria, TB, Hansen's disease and cutaneous leishmaniasis. [18][19][20][21][22] Thus, kala-azar remains the most likely cause of the responses noted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Kala-Azar Among Humans and Dogs in Yemen

Al-Shamahy

1998

Ann Saudi Med

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HA Al-Shamahy, Seroprevalence of Kala-Azar Among Humans and Dogs in Yemen. 1998; 18(1): 66-68 Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) is a major cause of fever in the world, and is estimated to affect 100 million people worldwide.1 Kala-azar was first reported from the northern part of Yemen over 90 years ago. 2 Sporadic cases of the disease, however, are now widely reported from all over the country, including the governorates of Sana'a, Taiz, Ibb, Al-Hodeidah, Hajjah, Damar, Sa'adah, Al-Mahweet, Mareb, and Al-Jawf. Nearly 4047 cases, mostly in young children, have been reported during the last decade.3 The scarce information of the disease epidemiology in Yemen showed that the causative organisms were Leishmania donovani complex and L. infantum complex, and vectors were Phlebotomus orientalis and P. arbicus for L. infantum and L. donovani. [4][5][6] In addition, a few other infantile cases were reported from the northern part of Yemen.7,8 Michie 9 described four adult cases from the southern part of Yemen.Canine leishmaniasis was discovered by Nicole and Comte in 1908, 10 and since then reports of infected dogs have come from almost all human visceral leishmaniasis foci in the Mediterranean area.11-13 Dogs are an efficient reservoir host because parasitized fixed macrophages are so abundant in the dermal layer that parasites are readily taken up by feeding sandflies.14,15 Canine leishmaniasis was reported by Rioux et al. from human visceral leishmaniasis focus in the Taiz area of Yemen.The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of kala-azar among children in selected localities in Yemen, and to identify the natural reservoir of human kala-azar in these areas, focusing particularly on dogs, with a view to determining infection rates among them and their role in the transmission of the disease to humans. Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in December 1993 in three selected villages where cases of kala-azar had been reported during the year, and also in the city of Sana'a. The study population consisted of volunteer schoolchildren in Beni-Mansur (Al-Haymah, Sana'a province), Huth (Sana'a province) and in Sana'a city. Based on an expected kala-azar prevalence of 10% and the worst acceptable value of 4%, not less than 270 randomly selected subjects were needed out of a total estimated 100,000 children, at a confidence level of 99.9%.A systematic random sampling of every fifth child was done. A sample of 285 subjects were selected, comprising 68 subjects from Beni-Mansur, 85 from Huth, 75 from Sharis and 57 from Sana'a city.All study participants completed an epidemiological questionnaire and gave informed consent to participate in the study. Basic demographic data, including age, sex, address, and altitude of the house, were obtained, as well as potential risks factors for kala-azar. Serological AssayA 5 mL aliquot of venous blood was allowed to clot and the serum was separated and stored at -20°C until serological analyses were performed. All the sera were tested for kala-azar using ...

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“…Mahmoud and Warren suggested that visceral leishmaniasis be suspected when an individual has been to an endemic area and presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia (9). Although the definitive diagnosis traditionally is made by isolation of the organism from liver, spleen, or bone marrow aspirations, several studies indicate IIF testing is both sensitive and specific in diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis despite negative aspirates (4,5,8). CF titers, although typically lower, also have good specificity (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an American Peace Corps volunteer

Chaulk¹,

Smith

Sass³

1986

J Clin Microbiol

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A case of visceral leishmaniasis in a young American Peace Corps volunteer is reported. Both clinical and epidemiologic evidence strongly supported the diagnosis; however, hepatic and splenic aspirates for the causative organism were negative. The diagnosis was eventually confirmed through serology, employing indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation testing of serum. The patient clinically responded dramatically to sodium stibogluconate, the drug of choice for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. This case is significant because it alerts the physician to an unusual cause of fever of unknown origin in residents of the Western nations and demonstrates the potential usefulness of serology in diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis when the infecting organism cannot be isolated. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), caused by the protozoan Leishinaifla donovani, is a predominantly Third World and tropical disease. Thus, travel history is important in making the proper diagnosis in residents of the United States. The definitive diagnosis is traditionally established by isolation of the amastigote form of L. donovanil from aspiration of the liver, spleen, or bone marrow (3. 11).

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Application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Surface antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

Surface antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

Seroprevalence of Kala-Azar Among Humans and Dogs in Yemen

Serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an American Peace Corps volunteer

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