“…The PDF approaches have attracted attention from both the academic research and the industrial application domains, as they offer satisfactory prediction level of the in-cylinder mixture composition and temperature, requiring relatively low computational and time expense. Significant work has been reported on the use of the PDF-SRM approach for compression ignition (Diesel) engines in Bernard et al, 1,18 Mauviot et al, 21 Bordet et al, 22 Pasternak et al, 23 Franken and Mauss 24 and Smallbone et al 25 ; gasoline direct injection engine in Smallbone et al, 25 Pasternak et al 26 and Themi 27 and the HCCI engines in Mosbach et al, 4,5 Su et al, 28 Bhave et al, 29 Aldawood et al 30 and Mosbach et al 31,32 Within the field of compression ignition engines, the SRM approach was shown to be able to predict the in-cylinder pressure trace and heat release rate fairly well. 21,22 Similar good performance has been reported for predicting NO x emissions.…”