Application of the Tianwen-1 DOR Signals Observed by Very Long Baseline Interferometry Radio Telescopes in the Study of Solar Wind Plasma and a Coronal Mass Ejection

Abstract

The Tianwen-1 (TW1) Mars probe experienced solar conjunction for the first time in 2021. The China VLBI Network (CVN) observes the differential one-way ranging (DOR) signals of TW1 throughout its phase. This paper explores the application of CVN observation data to study the solar wind plasma. First, the frequency and phase of the DOR carrier and sidetones at each station are calculated using the Doppler method. Then, the variations in both the differential phase delays (DPD) and the total electron content (TEC) are calculated using the phase of the sidetones. We also statistically analyze the fluctuations in the Delta-DOR (ΔDOR) group delay. The results indicate that the fluctuations of the frequency, phase, ΔDOR group delay, delay rate, and TEC variations of the TW1 signals increase with the decrease of the heliocentric distance. On 2021 November 2, a coronal mass ejection (CME) passed across the ray paths of the telescope beams, when the heliocentric distance and heliographic latitude of the projected position of Mars were 30.6 Rs and 3°, respectively. Our data catch the impact of the CME on the DOR signals. The change of the DPD reaches 170 ps, which is equivalent to 986 TECU. We utilize the cross correlation to analyze the frequency fluctuations at multiple stations, and obtain the propagation direction and velocity variations of the CME. Our analysis indicates that multifrequency DOR signals observed by very long baseline interferometry stations have great application to characterize the electron density variations and propagation of the solar wind plasma.

Large TEC Variations Between Mars and Earth: Simulation and Observation Comparisons

“…Linear fitting and extrapolation have been used to connect the consecutive scans of the differential phase delay. From the study of Wang et al (2023), the connection of differential phase delays may result in 15% error at most. These numbers above are used to estimate the maximum overall errors in the LOS measurements presented in Sections 3 and 4.…”