Application of Theory of Elasticity to the Design of Fruit Harvesting and Handling Equipment for Minimum Bruising

Differences in the Structural Response of ‘Granny‐smith’ Apples Under Mechanical Impact and Compression

“…This observation supports the idea that it is in this region of the bruise where the maximum stress occurs as postulated by Horsfield et al (1972) and Miles and Rehkugler (1971). Stress supported by epidermal and hypodermal cells is less in comparison to that experienced by the interior parenchyma cells.…”

“…Bruises caused by impact generally are smaller than those caused by compression loads (Chen et al 1986;Garcia 1988;Rodriguez 1988 some millimeters below the skin, where the maximum stress and/or strain is thought to occur. The stress and maximum deformation are greatest slightly beneath the epidermis located in an area that approximately equals the radius of the indentor used to damage the fruit (Horsfield et al 1972;Miles and Rehkugler 1971). To date, several models have been suggested to explain the internal response of fruit under applied loads and strains (Chen et al 1986;Dal Fabro et al 1980;Holt and Schoorl 1977b;Nilsso'n et al 1958;Pitt 1982;Segerlind and Dal Fabro 1978), but none of them is based on histological studies.…”

Controlling Moisture Loss as a Tool to Reduce Bruise Susceptibility

“…This phenomenon is also described by other researchers (Garcia, et al, 1994;Horsfield, et a/., 1972), who state that the turgidity of the surface tissue (internal cellular stress) of fruits is affected by the relative humidity of the surrounding air.…”

Bruise development and fruit response of pear (cv. ‘Blanquilla’) under impact conditions

“…Conical bruises have been reported by Horsfield et al (1972), Miles and Rehkugler (1973), and Garcia et al (1988). These bruises were associated with preclimacteric fruits (F values between 40 and 60 N), and present a discontinuity or a possible fracture (that is L-shaped with a sightly rounded angle).…”