Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19

Lundström, Kenneth

doi:10.3390/v12111324

Cited by 43 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 175 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2, as well as against other infectious diseases, has demonstrated that prime-boost strategies can provide superior immunogenicity and protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious agents. Typically, the efficacy of both nucleic acid- and virus-based COVID-19 vaccines have profited from sequential immunization protocols [ 33 ]. In this context, the prime-boost regimen for the Sputnik V vaccine candidate applied the adenovirus types 26 and 5 sequentially, not only to enhance the immune response compared to a single immunization, but also to overcome potential pre-existing immunity [ 42 , 70 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Lundström¹

2021

Viruses

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Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been fierce due to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic and has included all potential approaches for providing the global community with safe and efficient vaccine candidates in the shortest possible timeframe. Viral vectors have played a central role especially using adenovirus-based vectors. Additionally, other viral vectors based on vaccinia viruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, influenza viruses and lentiviruses have been subjected to vaccine development. Self-amplifying RNA virus vectors have been utilized for lipid nanoparticle-based delivery of RNA as COVID-19 vaccines. Several adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have elicited strong immune responses in immunized animals and protection against challenges in mice and primates has been achieved. Moreover, adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have been subjected to phase I to III clinical trials. Recently, the simian adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S spike protein was approved for use in humans in the UK.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral vectors have previously been frequently applied for vaccine development against both viral infections and cancers [ 20 , 33 ]. For example, VSV vectors expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein (LASV-GPC) provided protection against LASV challenges in immunized guinea pigs and macaques [ 34 ].…”

Section: Preclinical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Lundström¹

2021

Viruses

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“…Viral vectors have been exploited to deliver genes encoding antigenic proteins into host cells [ 29 •]. Viruses with little pre-existing immunity in the target population are often selected to use as vectors, but even viruses that form the basis for widely used licensed vaccines, such as the measles virus, can be used as vectors to insert the antigen against which one wants to elicit an immune response.…”

Section: Preclinical and Clinical Development Updatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development

Kumar

Dowling

Román

et al. 2021

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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Purpose of Review The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic. Recent Findings Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines. Summary In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.

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“…After verification of viral vector-driven antigen expression in cell lines, immunization in preclinical animal models is carried out to assess the vaccine efficacy before conducting clinical trials. 88 In this scenario, viral vectors serve as gene transfer vehicles generating immune responses by way of heterologous gene transfer. Because they are naturally immunogenic and well-characterized, they soon became the preferred vector of choice in vaccine development.…”

Section: Viral Vector-based Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Update on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on Gene Therapy Viral Vector Design and Construction for Vaccination

et al. 2021

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2). To combat the devastating spread of SARS-CoV-2, extraordinary efforts from numerous laboratories have focused on the development of effective and safe vaccines. Traditional live-attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines are not recommended for immunocompromised patients as the attenuated virus can still cause disease via phenotypic or genotypic reversion. Subunit vaccines require repeated dosing and adjuvant use to be effective, and DNA vaccines exhibit lower immune responses. mRNA vaccines can be highly unstable under physiological conditions. On the contrary, naturally antigenic viral vectors with well-characterized structure and safety profile serve as among the most effective gene carriers to provoke immune response via heterologous gene transfer. Viral vector-based vaccines induce both an effective cellular immune response and a humoral immune response owing to their natural adjuvant properties via transduction of immune cells. Consequently, viral vectored vaccines carrying the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have recently been generated and successfully used to activate cytotoxic T cells and develop a neutralizing antibody response. Recent progress in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, with an emphasis on gene therapy viral vector-based vaccine development, is discussed in this review.

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Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19

Cited by 43 publications

References 175 publications

Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Status Report on COVID-19 Vaccines Development

Current Update on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on Gene Therapy Viral Vector Design and Construction for Vaccination

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